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Endocrine Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

How many Americans are affected by Endocrine Disorders?

A

1/5 of Americans (20%)

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2
Q

What are the two major Endocrine controls?

A

Endocrine and Nervous system controls

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3
Q

Describe Endocrine control.

A

Hormones are secreted into capillaries. They enter the circulatory system before reaching other cells. Only target cells (with the correct receptor) will react.

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4
Q

Describe Nervous system control.

A

The axon synapses on a specific cell. There is only one synapse per cell.

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5
Q

Quiz Question: Which is a steroid hormone?

A

Quiz Answer: Testosterone and Cortisol

Note: Insulin and Glucagon are peptides, while Renin is an enzyme

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6
Q

What are the 4 types of extracellular chemical signaling?

A

Synaptic, Paracrine/Autocrine, Endocrine, and Neuro-Endocrine

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7
Q

Describe Synaptic signaling.

A

Transmission is across the synaptic cleft. It is local. Specificity is determine by anatomic location and receptors.

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8
Q

Describe Paracrine/Autocrine signaling.

A

Transmission is diffusion into interstitial tissues. It is locally diffused. Specificity is determine by receptors.

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9
Q

Describe Endocrine signaling.

A

Transmission is through body fluids (blood). It is general. Specificity is determined by receptors.

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10
Q

Describe Neuro-Endocrin signaling.

A

Transmission is through body fluids. It is general. Specificity is determined by receptors.

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11
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical substance release in SMALL quantities from certain glands (endocrine glands) that travels through circulatory system to elicit physiological response in other cells/tissues (target cells/target tissues).

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12
Q

What are neurohormones?

A

Hormones released by nerves.

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13
Q

True or False: CO2, cAMP, and prostaglandins are all examples of hormones.

A

False. CO2 is made in too large of quantities, and cAMP/prostaglandins are intracellular messengers.

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14
Q

What are Endocrine glands?

A

Ductless glands which secrete in the blood.

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15
Q

What are the major Endocrine glands?

A
  1. Hypothalamus (part of brain)
  2. Anterior/Posterior Pituitary glands
  3. Thyroid gland
  4. Parathyroid glands
  5. Adrenal glands
  6. Pancreatic Islets
  7. GI tract
  8. Kidney
  9. Gonads
  10. Placenta
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16
Q

What is a major difference between the Anterior Pituitary gland and the Posterior Pituitary gland?

A

Posterior Pituitary gland is an extension of the hypothalamus.

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17
Q

What are the hormones of Posterior Pituitary gland?

Hint: Audio Osmosis

A

ADH and Oxytocin (OT)

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18
Q

What are the hormones of the Anterior Pituitary gland?

Hint: “FLAT PEG”

A 
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
Endorphins
GH
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19
Q

What is a major difference between the cortex and medulla of the Adrenal glands?

A

The medulla is part of the sympathetic Nervous System.

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20
Q

What are the hormones of the Adrenal glands?

Hint: “CANE”

A

Cortex (CA)= Cortisol and Aldosterone

Medulla (NE)= Norepinephrine and Epinephrine

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21
Q

What is the Neuro-Endocrine System?

A

Secretion of some hormones is controlled directly by the nervous system.

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22
Q

What are 3 types of hormones secreted by the Neuro-Endocrine system?

A
  1. Epinephrine (adrenal gland)
  2. ADH/Oxytocin (Post. Pit.)
  3. Hypothalamic releasing hormone (RHs)
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23
Q

What are the 3 general categories of hormones?

A
  1. Steroids/ Steroid-like
  2. Amino acid derivatives
  3. Peptides/ Proteins
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24
Q

What are 2 types of amino acid derivative hormones?

A

Catecholamines and thyroid hormones

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25
Why is it important to know what category a hormone is in?
1. Administration 2. Stability during storage 3. Receptor Location 4. Cellular mechanism of action 5. Transport around body 6. Metabolism 7. Effective time of action
26
What are the categories of Steroid hormones?
1. Androgens 2. Estrogens 3. Progestagens 4. Mineralcorticoids 5. Glucocorticoids 6. Steroid-like
27
What are the 2 types of androgens?
Testosterone (T) and Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
28
Which androgen is major in circulation?
Testosterone (T)
29
What are the 3 types of weaker androgens?
Androstenedione, DHEA, and DHEA-S
30
What is an main type of an estrogen?
Estradiol-17B (E2)
31
What is important to know about E2?
It is the most potent of all hormones.
32
What are 2 types of weaker estrogens?
Estrone and estriol
33
What is an example of a progestagen and what does it do?
Progesterone (P); promotes gestation
34
What are 2 types of mineral corticoids?
Aldosterone and Deoxycorticosterone (DOC)
35
What is the potency of DOC and what is is used for?
1/30th as potent as aldosterone; used to treat aldosterone deficiencies.
36
What are the 3 types of Glucocorticoids (GCs)?
Cortisol, Corticosterones and synthetic glucocorticoids
37
Where are Cortisol and Corticosterones found?
Cortisol is found in humans. Corticosterones are found in rats.
38
What do synthetic glucocorticoids do?
They have the same action as cortisol and are used for treatment.
39
What is an example of a "Steroid-like" hormone?
Vitamin D
40
What hormone converts corticosterone into cortisol?
11B-Hydroxylase
41
What hormone converts Testosterone into DHT?
5 alpha reductase
42
What hormone converts androgen into estrogen?
Aromatase
43
What converts cholesterol into another product?
Cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme
44
What are 3 types of Catecholamines?
Norepinephine (NE), Epinephrine (Epi), and Dopamine (DA)
45
What is another name for Dopamine?
Prolactin Inhibitory Hormone
46
What are 2 types of Thyroid hormones?
Thyroxine (T4) and Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
47
Which type of Thyroid hormone is the main one in circulation?
T4
48
Which type of Thyroid hormone is the most potent?
T3
49
What are Catecholamines and Thyroid hormones derived from?
Tyrosine
50
What 5 proteins are made in the Anterior Pituitary?
1. Growth Hormone (GH) 2. Prolactin (PRL) 3. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) 4. Luteinizing Hormome (LH) 5. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
51
What is another name for Growth Hormone?
Somatotropin
52
What is another name for TSH?
Thyrotropin
53
What 2 proteins are made by the placenta?
``` Chronic gonadotropin (hCG) and Placental lactogen (hPL) ```
54
What is the significance of chronic gonadotropin?
It is detected by pregnancy tests in urine.
55
What are the 2 proteins made in the kidneys?
Erythropoietin (EPO) and Renin
56
What are the 2 proteins made by the adipose tissue?
Leptin and Resistin
57
What protein is made by bone?
FGF23
58
What are the types of peptides?
1. Insulin 2. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) 3 Corticotropin (ACTH) 4. Relaxin 5. Angiotensis II 6. Thymosin 7. Glucagon 8. Calcitonin (CT) 9. Vasopressin (VP, ADH) 10. Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) 11. Inhibin 12. Atrial natriuretic peptides (ANPs) 13. GI hormones 14. Hypothalamic releasing hormones
59
All hypothalamic releasing hormones are peptides except what?
Dopamine, which is a catecholamine.
60
What are the 6 peptide hypothalamic releasing hormones?
1. CRH 2. TRH 3. GnRH 4. GHRH 5. Somatostatin (SS, GHIH) 6. PRH
61
Which hypothalamic releasing hormone releases FSH and LRH?
GnRH
62
What are 2 types of hormone actions?
Direct and Indirect
63
What is direct hormone action?
Effects can be observes after cells/tissues/body are exposed to hormone.
64
What is indirect hormone action?
Hormone might affect another endocrine organ, altering secretion of latter hormone. Effects are not readily observed. Hormones might have permissive actions on target tissue.
65
Explain permissive action.
Thyroid hormone has little effect on adipose tissue and NE/Epi have little effect on adipose tissue. Thyroid hormone makes NE/Epi more effective.
66
What are the 2 hormones involved in permissive action?
Cortisol and thyroid hormones
67
What are the 3 factors influencing cellular mechanism of action of hormones?
Hormonal specificity, changing number of high affinity receptors, and cellular location of receptors.
68
Hormonal Specificity
Cells must present specific receptor for hormone to have action
69
Changing number of high affinity receptors
More receptors usually increase response slightly. Fewer receptors usually decreases response to far greater degree.
70
What are the 2 type of cellular locations for receptors?
Intracellular and Surface receptors
71
What hormones use intracellular receptors?
Steroid and thyroid hormones
72
What do surface receptors use?
Second messengers
73
What is the function of a second messenger?
Amplify signal of hormone or receptor and disperse signal around the cell.
74
What hormones use surface receptors?
Catecholamines (CAs), proteins, and peptides
75
Which type of receptors have longer lasting effects?
Intracellular receptors
76
What are the 2 types of hormone transport in the blood?
Free (unbound) hormones and hormones bound to large proteins
77
Total concentration of hormone in the blood equals what?
Bound hormones + unbound hormones
78
What happens if excess hormone binding protein is added?
Initially free hormone level drops as bound increases. The body senses the drop in free hormone and so it synthesizes more free hormone. The total concentration of hormone in blood increases.
79
What are the 3 types of steroid binding proteins?
1. Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) 2. Cortisol binding globulin (CBG) 3. Albumin
80
What are the types of hormone secretory patterns?
Episodic secretion, Stimulus induced secretion, and rhythms with longer time intervals
81
What are the 2 types of episodic secretions?
Circadian rhythms and ultradian rhythms
82
What are circadian rhythms and what are examples?
One major secretory period a day. | Examples: Cortisol and Testosterone
83
What are ultradian rhythms and what is an example?
Secreted multiple times per day | Example: Leutinizing hormone
84
What is a pulsatile secretion?
A type of ultradian rhythm where there are regular pulses at set time intervals
85
What are examples of stimulus induced secretion?
ADH (induced by low BP) and Prolactin
86
What are examples of rhythms with longer intervals?
Progesterone and Estradiol levels during menstrual cycle
87
What are the three ways that blood levels of hormones are altered?
1. Increase/decrease secretion rate 2. Increase/decrease in plasma hormone binding protein for particular hormone 3. Increase/decrease in degradation rate
88
What is the major cause of endocrine abnormalities?
Over/under production of a hormone
89
What are other causes of endocrine abnormalities?
Alterations in receptors, post-receptors events in target cells, and ate red metabolism of the hormone
90
What are the 3 types of hormonal pathways?
1. Direct 2. 2 endocrine glands and 2 hormones 3. 3 endocrine glands and 3 hormones
91
Describe the direct pathway.
Endocrine gland--> hormone--> target cells--> effects
92
Give an example of the two endocrine glands and two hormones pathway.
Parathyroid gland--> kidneys--> target tissues Parathyroid hormone--> active Vit D--> Bone
93
Give an example of the three endocrine glands and three hormones pathways.
Hypothalamus--> anterior pituitary--> target endocrine gland--> targets Releasing hormone--> trophic hormone--> thyroid hormone--> muscle
94
What is positive feedback?
Endocrine system's response to a stimulus reinforces the stimulus.
95
Give an example of positive feedback.
Stretch of cervix in labor leads to release of Oxytocin. OT causes increased stretch so more OT is released. End only with birth of baby.
96
What is negative feedback?
Endocrine system's response to stimulus is to reduce that stimulus.
97
Give an example of negative feedback (insulin and glucose).
Increased plasma glucose leads to increased insulin secretion. Increased insulin in plasma leads to increased glucose uptake and use by muscle tissue. This lowers glucose in plasma back to normal.
98
Give an example of negative feedback (glucagon and glucose).
Decrease in plasma glucose causes increased glucagon in plasma. This increases hepatic glucose release, which increases plasma glucose concentration back toward normal.

Physiology (10 decks)

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