Male Repro Flashcards
Briefly describe the prostate anatomically
location
function
blood supply
lymphatic drainage
bilobed structure that surrounds the pelvic urethra at the level of the trigone of the urinary bladder
secrete serous fluid into prostatic urethra
ductus deferens (paired) course from each epididymis, enter the craniodorsal surface of the prostate and course caudoventrally entering the prostatic urethra at the colliculus seminalis
blood supply: prostatic arteries arising from internal pudendal a.
venous drainage: prostatic and urethral veins into internal iliac
lymphatic: medial iliac and internal iliac (hypogastric) lns
Until approximately what age has the prostate been reported to be within the abdomen?
at birth until about 2 months
Value of Doppler blood flow examination and CEUS for examination of prostate (journal articles)
Doppler: prostatic artery, capsular artery and parenchymal artery were identified with color Doppler and the resistive index and maximum and minimum velocities were measured with pulsed wave Doppler. No differences between normal dogs and dogs with prostatitis was identified. Acepromazine caused a significant decrease in capsular artery maximum and minimum velocities and prostatic artery resistive index. (Newell et al. 1998)
CEUS: were able to identify prostatic artery dorsolateral to the prostate (Russo et al. 2009) no significant difference in contrast enhancement in normal dogs vs prostatitis (Vignoli et al. 2011)
* resistive index: an indicator of resistance of an organ to perfusion. In ultrasonography, it can be calculated from the peak systolic velocity and the end diastolic velocity of blood flow.
Why does BPH or squamous metaplasia occur? At what age does it typically occur?
due to hormonal imbalances.
it occurs to dogs usually 4yrs or older
Ultrasonographic appearance of BPH
subtle parenchymal inhomogenecity (heterogeneous)
may or may not be enlarged
scattered hyperechoic foci
intraparenchymal cysts
BPH should not disrupt the prostatic capsule and should not see lymphadenopathy.
What bacteria has the prostate gland as the most common isolation site?
Brucellosis canis
Ultrasonographic appearance of prostatitis
symmetric or asymmetric enlargment
heterogeneous
cysts may be present
abscess can be seen
hyperechoic foic
lymphadenopathy
intact capsule
What are the common causes for prostatitis?
bacterial
fungal (blastomycosis, candidiasis)
Common type of prostatic neoplasia
Adenocarcinoma
undifferentiated carcinoma
TCC (highest prevalence in neutered males)
lymphoma
Ultrasonographic appearance of prostatitis
enlarged
irregular in shape
heterogeneous
hyperechoic foci (if shadowing is present that means that there is mineralization)
cyst-like lesions
disruption of capsule
lymphadenopathy
may see changes in urinary bladder or urethra
True or false: prostatic cancers have a high rate of metastasis.
If true, metastasis to where?
True
regional LNs, bone, lungs
True or false: prostatic cysts are not developmental or congenital.
False
Prostatic cysts are classified as:
cysts associated with BPH or prostatic metaplasia
retention cysts
paraprostatic cysts
Where do paraprostatic cysts originate from?
Mullerian ducts or as an extension from prostate lobe
Briefly describe anatomical features of testes
testicles are separated by a median septum
covered by the tunica albuginea which gives off a septa in the center of testes
epididymis has a head body and tail. Tail is attached by proper ligament caudally. It is generally less echogenic than testes.
Pampiriform plexus cranial to testes.
