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U/S Mattoon and Pennick > Female Repro > Flashcards

Female Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Mention different phases of estrous cycle

A

Anestrous: sexual cycle rests.

Proestrus: The female is not yet sexually receptive; the old corpus luteum gets degenerated; the uterus and the vagina get distended and filled with fluid, become contractile and secrete a sanguinous fluid; the vaginal epithelium proliferates

Estrus: female is sexually receptive.

Diestrus: uterine lining begins to appear, regression of corpus luteum will occur if not preggo

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2
Q

Sonographic appearance of canine ovaries

A

anestrus and early proestrus: small (~1.2cm length), homogeneous echogenicity with indistinct margins

late proestrus: enlarged, multiple small anechoic follicles

estrus: when getting closer to ovulation these follicles regress, bumpy contour, scant amount of fluid may be seen. 300-400% increase in size from anestrus
diestrus: bumpy contour, heterogeneous appearance (representing corpus luteum)

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3
Q

Ultrasonographic appearane of cystic ovaries:

What associated/concurrent changes could be seen?

A

anechoic contents, thin walls, acoustic enhancement

U/S cannot differentiate types of ovarian cysts but solitary luteinizing cysts have a thicker wall when compared to follicular cysts

Associated changes: pyometra, cystic endometrial hyperplasia, hydrometra

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4
Q

Mention common ovarian tumors

A

Surface epithelium tumors: adenocarcinoma, adenoma

sexcord gonadal stromal tumors: granulosa cell, thecoma, luteoma

germ cell tumors: dysgerminoma, teratomas

In a retrospective study of 71 primary ovarian tumors in the dog, epithelial tumors (46%) were more common than sex cord stromal (34%) and germ cell tumors (20%).

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5
Q

Ultrasonographic findings of ovarian neoplasia

A

mass lesion in the location of the ovary

regular or irregular margins

concurrent findings: pyometra, cystic endometrial hyperplasia, ascites, carcinomatosis

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6
Q

what are ovarian stump ganulomas

A

complex mass lesion in the areo of the ovary post OHE. Occlussion of adjacent ureter can occur leading to hydronephrosis.

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7
Q

ultrasonographic appearance of a normal uterus

A

small, solid, homogeneous, relatively hypoechoic structure dorsal to the bladder.

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8
Q

What type of neoplasia do intact rabbits get?

A

adenocarcinoma

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9
Q

ultrasonographic appearance of pyometra

A

enlarged uterus and horns

luminal content may vary (anechoic, echogenic)

may have concurrent cystic endometrial hyperplasia

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10
Q

ultrasonographic appearance of cystic endometrial hyperplasia

A

thickened luminal wall

islets of anechoic foci (represent dilated cystic glands)

tortuous glandular ducts and vascular structures

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11
Q

Differential diagnosis for fluid filled uterus

A

pyometra

hydrometra

mucometra

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12
Q

True or false: dogs can get uterine stump pyometra

A

true

they can also get uterine stump hematoma

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13
Q

List common uterine neoplasias in dogs

A

adenocarcinoma

leiomyomas

leiomyosarcoma

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14
Q

What breed has been reported to have multiple uterine leiomyomas with generalized nodular dermatofibrosis and renal cystadenocarcinomas?

A

German Shepherds

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15
Q

What is the length of normal pregnancy in dogs and cats

A

~65 days in dogs

~61 days in cats

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16
Q

At what day of gestation can radiographs detect pregnancy due to fetal mineralization

A

~45 days in dogs

~36-45 days in cats

17
Q

What is the first ultrasonographic sign of pregnancy confirmation and approximately when this is seen?

A

Gestational sacs

They can be seen approximately 15-20 days after breeding or 20 days post LH surge

18
Q

After pregnancy cofirmation approximately at what time can the embryos be seen

A

~ 23-25 days in dogs

~16-18 days in cats

At this time a heartbeat can also be appreciated

19
Q

What is the cardiac rate of the embryos

A

twice maternal rate

20
Q

canine sperm may remain fertile for how many days?

A

4-6 days

this is why in dogs is hard to estimate gestational age

21
Q

cats are _______ ovulators which means that conception takes place rapidly after copulation (this does not happen in dogs)

A

induced

22
Q

The earliest change in pregnancy that can be detected ultrasonographically is ________ as early as ______ days after breeding the bitch and _______ days after breeding the queen.

A

uterus enlargement. (This change; however, is non specific.)

7 days

4 days

23
Q

fetal orientation can be recognized in what day of gestation approx?

A

day 28

24
Q

sonographic recognition of organogenesis occurs approximately when?

A

day 30

25
Q

what measurement has shown to be the most accurate predictor of gestational age between days 20-37 in the dog?

What about from days 38-60?

A

chorionic cavity diameter (gestational sac diameter-chorionic mensuration)

fetal head diameter and fetal crown-rump length and body diameter (also known as biparietal diameter)

26
Q

normal involution of the canine uterus is usually complete in ________ .

What about in the cat?

A

3-4 weeks.

The uterine wall starts becoming thinner approx 8-24 days post partum.

~ day 24 post partum

27
Q

How does a post partum canine uterus appears sonographically?

A

dilated with echogenic fluid

enlarged

may see remnants of fetal and maternal membranes

28
Q

If embryonic death occurs before 25 days after ovulation, ________ of the embryo results.

If fetal death occurs about 35 days results in __________.

A

complete resorption

abortion (usually does not affect entire litter)

29
Q

ultrasonographic appearance of fetal death includes:

A

loss of cardiac activity

mineralized skeletal structures may become hyperechoic with acoustic shadows

intrauterine or intrafetal gas may also be seen

abnormal fetal posture

reduced volume and increased echogenicity of fluid in gestational sac

30
Q

How is fetal stress diagnosed ultrasonographically?

A

if the fetal HR is increased or decreased (normal is approx twice maternal HR)

31
Q

Ultrasonographic appearance of normal mammary gland?

A

echogenic and homogeneous

presence of large vessels

32
Q

Ultrasonographic appearance of mastitis

A

heterogeneous

enlarged

may see hyperechoic foci

abscessation may occur

33
Q

Most common mammary gland tumor is:

Metastasis to which LN?

A

adenocarcinoma

inguinal LN or axillary

34
Q

Example of fetal abdnormalitites include:

A

hydrocephalus

pleural effusion

hydrops fetalis or anasarca

35
Q

most common cause of infertilty in the mare?

A

endometritis

36
Q

list common ovarian neoplasms in the mare:

Which one is the most common??

A

sex cord stromal tumors - granulosa cell tumors

epithelial tumors- cystadenomas

germ cell tumors - teratomas and dysgerminomas

granulosa cell tumor (develop stallion like behavior)

U/S Mattoon and Pennick (8 decks)

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