Female Repro

Question 1

Mention different phases of estrous cycle

Answer 1

Anestrous: sexual cycle rests.

Proestrus: The female is not yet sexually receptive; the old corpus luteum gets degenerated; the uterus and the vagina get distended and filled with fluid, become contractile and secrete a sanguinous fluid; the vaginal epithelium proliferates

Estrus: female is sexually receptive.

Diestrus: uterine lining begins to appear, regression of corpus luteum will occur if not preggo

Question 2

Sonographic appearance of canine ovaries

Answer 2

anestrus and early proestrus: small (~1.2cm length), homogeneous echogenicity with indistinct margins

late proestrus: enlarged, multiple small anechoic follicles

estrus: when getting closer to ovulation these follicles regress, bumpy contour, scant amount of fluid may be seen. 300-400% increase in size from anestrus
diestrus: bumpy contour, heterogeneous appearance (representing corpus luteum)

Question 3

Ultrasonographic appearane of cystic ovaries:

What associated/concurrent changes could be seen?

Answer 3

anechoic contents, thin walls, acoustic enhancement

U/S cannot differentiate types of ovarian cysts but solitary luteinizing cysts have a thicker wall when compared to follicular cysts

Associated changes: pyometra, cystic endometrial hyperplasia, hydrometra

Question 4

Mention common ovarian tumors

Answer 4

Surface epithelium tumors: adenocarcinoma, adenoma

sexcord gonadal stromal tumors: granulosa cell, thecoma, luteoma

germ cell tumors: dysgerminoma, teratomas

In a retrospective study of 71 primary ovarian tumors in the dog, epithelial tumors (46%) were more common than sex cord stromal (34%) and germ cell tumors (20%).

Question 5

Ultrasonographic findings of ovarian neoplasia

Answer 5

mass lesion in the location of the ovary

regular or irregular margins

concurrent findings: pyometra, cystic endometrial hyperplasia, ascites, carcinomatosis

Question 6

what are ovarian stump ganulomas

Answer 6

complex mass lesion in the areo of the ovary post OHE. Occlussion of adjacent ureter can occur leading to hydronephrosis.

Question 7

ultrasonographic appearance of a normal uterus

Answer 7

small, solid, homogeneous, relatively hypoechoic structure dorsal to the bladder.

Question 8

What type of neoplasia do intact rabbits get?

Answer 8

adenocarcinoma

Question 9

ultrasonographic appearance of pyometra

Answer 9

enlarged uterus and horns

luminal content may vary (anechoic, echogenic)

may have concurrent cystic endometrial hyperplasia

Question 10

ultrasonographic appearance of cystic endometrial hyperplasia

Answer 10

thickened luminal wall

islets of anechoic foci (represent dilated cystic glands)

tortuous glandular ducts and vascular structures

Question 11

Differential diagnosis for fluid filled uterus

Answer 11

pyometra

hydrometra

mucometra

Question 12

True or false: dogs can get uterine stump pyometra

Answer 12

true

they can also get uterine stump hematoma

Question 13

List common uterine neoplasias in dogs

Answer 13

adenocarcinoma

leiomyomas

leiomyosarcoma

Question 14

What breed has been reported to have multiple uterine leiomyomas with generalized nodular dermatofibrosis and renal cystadenocarcinomas?

Answer 14

German Shepherds

Question 15

What is the length of normal pregnancy in dogs and cats

Answer 15

~65 days in dogs

~61 days in cats

Question 16

At what day of gestation can radiographs detect pregnancy due to fetal mineralization

Answer 16

~45 days in dogs

~36-45 days in cats

Question 17

What is the first ultrasonographic sign of pregnancy confirmation and approximately when this is seen?

Answer 17

Gestational sacs

They can be seen approximately 15-20 days after breeding or 20 days post LH surge

Question 18

After pregnancy cofirmation approximately at what time can the embryos be seen

Answer 18

~ 23-25 days in dogs

~16-18 days in cats

At this time a heartbeat can also be appreciated

Question 19

What is the cardiac rate of the embryos

Answer 19

twice maternal rate

Question 20

canine sperm may remain fertile for how many days?

Answer 20

4-6 days

this is why in dogs is hard to estimate gestational age

Question 21

cats are _______ ovulators which means that conception takes place rapidly after copulation (this does not happen in dogs)

Answer 21

induced

Question 22

The earliest change in pregnancy that can be detected ultrasonographically is ________ as early as ______ days after breeding the bitch and _______ days after breeding the queen.

Answer 22

uterus enlargement. (This change; however, is non specific.)

7 days

4 days

Question 23

fetal orientation can be recognized in what day of gestation approx?

Answer 23

day 28

Question 24

sonographic recognition of organogenesis occurs approximately when?

Answer 24

day 30

Question 25

what measurement has shown to be the most accurate predictor of gestational age between days 20-37 in the dog? What about from days 38-60?

Answer 25

chorionic cavity diameter (gestational sac diameter-chorionic mensuration) fetal head diameter and fetal crown-rump length and body diameter (also known as biparietal diameter)

Question 26

normal involution of the canine uterus is usually complete in ________ . What about in the cat?

Answer 26

3-4 weeks. The uterine wall starts becoming thinner approx 8-24 days post partum. ~ day 24 post partum

Question 27

How does a post partum canine uterus appears sonographically?

Answer 27

dilated with echogenic fluid enlarged may see remnants of fetal and maternal membranes

Question 28

If embryonic death occurs before 25 days after ovulation, ________ of the embryo results. If fetal death occurs about 35 days results in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 28

complete resorption abortion (usually does not affect entire litter)

Question 29

ultrasonographic appearance of fetal death includes:

Answer 29

loss of cardiac activity mineralized skeletal structures may become hyperechoic with acoustic shadows intrauterine or intrafetal gas may also be seen abnormal fetal posture reduced volume and increased echogenicity of fluid in gestational sac

Question 30

How is fetal stress diagnosed ultrasonographically?

Answer 30

if the fetal HR is increased or decreased (normal is approx twice maternal HR)

Question 31

Ultrasonographic appearance of normal mammary gland?

Answer 31

echogenic and homogeneous presence of large vessels

Question 32

Ultrasonographic appearance of mastitis

Answer 32

heterogeneous enlarged may see hyperechoic foci abscessation may occur

Question 33

Most common mammary gland tumor is: Metastasis to which LN?

Answer 33

adenocarcinoma inguinal LN or axillary

Question 34

Example of fetal abdnormalitites include:

Answer 34

hydrocephalus pleural effusion hydrops fetalis or anasarca

Question 35

most common cause of infertilty in the mare?

Answer 35

endometritis

Question 36

list common ovarian neoplasms in the mare: Which one is the most common??

Answer 36

sex cord stromal tumors - granulosa cell tumors epithelial tumors- cystadenomas germ cell tumors - teratomas and dysgerminomas granulosa cell tumor (develop stallion like behavior)