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U/S Mattoon and Pennick > Musculoskeletal and Soft Tissues SA > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal and Soft Tissues SA Flashcards

1
Q

The sonogram of the glenohumeral joint starts by scanning the:

A

infra and supraspinatus mm down to their attachment sites on the greater tubercle.

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2
Q

Shoulder scan evaluates what structures:

A

infraspinatus

supraspinatus

bicep tendon and bicipital groove

deltoid

teres major

joint capsule

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3
Q

Origin and insertion of:

supraspinatus

infraspinatus

biceps brachii

deltoid

teres major

A

o: supraspinatus fossa i: cranial aspect of geater tubercle of humerus
o: infraspinatus fossa i: caudal aspect of greater tubercle of humerus
o: supraglenoid tubercle i: medial tuberosity of the proximal humerus
o: acromion i: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
o: dorsal part of caudal scapula i: teres tuberosity

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4
Q

True or False: The bicep tendon at the level of the bicipital groove is surrounded by a small amount of hypoechoic fluid within the tendon sheath.

A

True

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5
Q

Sonographic appearance of supraspinatus tendinopathy

A

thickened (normal measurement ~ 0.6 cm cm2)

heterogeneous

may see mineralization. Mineralization is associated with lameness if its affects the supraspinatus tendon near the bursa resulting in synovitis.

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6
Q

Calcifying tendinopathy is common in what breed?

A

Rottweilers

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7
Q

ultrasonographic appearance of contracrture of the infraspinatus muscle

A

enlargement (thickening)

hetergeneous or hyperechoic

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8
Q

Sonographic appearance of bicipital tenosynovitis

A

thickening of tendon sheath

becomes rounded

hypoechoic areas (could be hemorrhage or partial tears)

inhomogeneous

effusion

osteophytes within bicipital groove (chronic)

mineralization of bicipital tendon sheath

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9
Q

Sonographic appearance of acute vs chronic strain injuries

A

acute: hypoechoic or anechoic and muscle swelling
chronic: heperechoic and inhomogeneous

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10
Q

definition of enthesophyte

A

abnormal bony projections at the attachment of a tendon or ligament.

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11
Q

True or False: Non visualization of the tendon bicips tendon indicates a complete tear or medial luxation associated with rupture of the transverse intertubercular ligament (transeverse humeral ligament)

A

true

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12
Q

Sonographic appearance of partial or complete tendon rupture

A

complete: fibrillar structure is disrupted, anechoic gap between retracted tendon stumps, severe tendon sheath effusion
partial: inhomogeneous, hyperechoic bone fragments, hypoechoic tendon, core lesions

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13
Q

most partial tendon ruptures occur in the area of _____________

A

supraglenoid tubercle

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14
Q

Sonographic appearance of supraglenoid tubercle

A

hyperechoic fragments at the proximal aspect of the biceps tendon

irregular surface at supraglenoid tubercle

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15
Q

Sonographic appearance of OCD glenohumeral joint

A

irregular borders of humeral head

the defect appears hypoechoic (due to disturbed endochondral ossification)

may see migrating calcified bodies or joint mice (hyperechoic foci)

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16
Q

The stifle can be divided into 5 regions:

A

suprapatellar

infrapatellar

lateral

medial

caudal

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17
Q

What composes the suprapatellar region of the stifle?

A

quadriceps tendon

femoral trochlea

proximal joint recess

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18
Q

In a normal stifle the suprapatellar recess measures approx

A

1-2 mm thick

it is anechoic

19
Q

What composes the infrapatellar region?

A

patella, patellar ligament, femoral condyles, infrapatellar fat body, cruciate ligaments

20
Q

What composes the medial and lateral regions of the stifle?

A

Collateral ligaments

menisci

joint capsule

synovium

21
Q

The stifle is flexed approx ______ degrees to examine the suprapatellar region and ______ degrees to examine the infrapatellar region.

A

45 degrees

90 degrees

22
Q

Sonographic appearance of cranial cruciate ligament rupture

A

sensitivity is low ~15%

may see irregularly demarcated hyperechoic stumps near its insertion site (tibial plateau)

23
Q

Approximately how long does tendon healing takes?

A

~ 10-12 weeks

24
Q

Sensitivity and Specificity for detecting meniscal lesions accompanying CCLR on U/S

A

82% sens

93% spec

25
Q

True or false: Bulging or abaxial displacement of the meniscus may infdicate rupture

A

true

26
Q

Patellar fxs are commonly associated with damge to the ________ and __________.

A

quadriceps tendon (proximally)

patellar ligment (distally)

27
Q

origina and insertion of iliopsoas muscles

A

psoas major originates from the transverse process of L3 then extends caudally through L4-L7 and then joining the iliacus the iliopsoas insterts on the lesser trochanter

28
Q

Sonographic appearance of iliopsoas myopathies

A

muscle swelling with hypoechoic areas (acute face)

29
Q

Calcanean tendon is made up of 3 structures. What are they?

A

Gastrocnemius tendon (medial and lateral aspects fuse and form the tendon)

Superficial digital flexor tendon

commo calcanean tendon - tendons of the biceps femoris, semitendenosus and gracilis

30
Q

True or false: common calcaneal tendon is the deepest structure of calcanean tendon

A

true

it has a characteristic hyperechoic linear echotexture when scanned longitudinally

31
Q

What muscles are predisposed to strain injuries?

A

iliopsoas

hip adductor

pectineus

32
Q

Sonographic appearance of fascial tears

A

appears as an interruption of the hyperechoic line enrobing the muscle belly with protrusion of the muscle through the defect

33
Q

What muscles are commonly affected by fibrosing and calcifying myopathies?

In what breed this problem is overrepresented

A

supraspinatus, iliopsoas, gluteal, biceps brachii, gracilis and semitendinous

German Shepherds

34
Q

Sonographic appearance of cellulitis

A

alternating anechoic and hyperechoic bands in the SQ

35
Q

Sonographic appearance seen with phlegmon

A

accumulation of hypoechoic fluid pockets in the SQ. This appears to be similar in appearance with necrotizing fasciitis.

36
Q

True or false: Most FB appear hyperechoic to normal tissue

A

true

37
Q

Sonographic appearance of:

Wooden FBs

BB pellets

Glass

Porcupine quills

Grass awns

A

wood: hyperechoic and cast a shadow (acute) can see an inflammatory cast or fistular tract- seen as a hypoechoic rim

BB: cause reverberation artifact (may be confused with air)

glass: hyperechoic, can be seen on rads

porcupine quills: double banded fusiform hyperechoic structures. not typically seen on rads

Grass awns: double/ triple spindle shaped echogenic interface often with acoustic shadowing

38
Q

sonographic appearance of lipomas

A

echogenic masses with diffuse hyperechoic dots and striations

39
Q

Sonographic appearance of joint soft- tissue tumors

A

Synovial cell sarcoma or histiocytic sarcoma

irregular soft tissue thickening that crosses the joint space, invades the osteochondral junctions and protrudes into the synovial space

40
Q

Typically joint effusions in OCD of OA are _____ vs septic effusions that are _________

(talking about the echogenicity of fluid)

A

anechoic

echogenic

41
Q

Sonographic appearance of osteomyelitis

A

hypoechoic ill defined irregular interfces

may see soft tissue swelling

42
Q

Sonographic appearance of areteriovenous fistulas

A

result in limb soft tissue swelling

tortuous network of vessels are identified to a dilated vein

43
Q
A

U/S Mattoon and Pennick (8 decks)

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