male repro

Question 1

disorders of sexual development

Answer 1

1.) chromosomal sex: abnormal Y chromosome eg. male calico/ tortiseshell cat. XXY will have hypoplastic testes and are infertile.

2.) Abnormalities of Gonadal Sex
* hermaphrodites: gonads with ovarian and testicular tissue, ovotestes
* ambiguous genitalia

3. Abnormalities of Phenotypic Sex
   * normal sex chromosomes
   * 1 concordant type of gonadal tissue
   * ambiguous genitalia

Question 2

orchitis/ epididymitis

Answer 2

-inflammation of the testes
-inflammation of epi

Question 3

Cryptorchidism- developmental abnormality

Answer 3

ͻ failure to descend
ͻ affected testis is hypoplastic, possibly atrophic
ͻ no spermatogenesis
ͻ prone to neoplasia
ͻ if enlarged, susceptible to torsion

Question 4

Hypoplasia - developmental abnormality

Answer 4

• secondary to . . .
• DSD
• cryptorchidism
• spontaneous / idiopathic
• degeneration / atrophy

Question 5

Degeneration/ atrophy of testes

Answer 5

• Small testis or testes
  -many causes: Advancing age
  Chemicals
  Epydidymitis
  Heat
  Hormones
  Neoplasia

Question 6

. Inflammation of the testes and epididymis: immune mediated

Answer 6

1. Immune mediated
   ͻ spermatozoa are antigenic
   ͻ blood-testis barrier
   ͻ disruption due to trauma,
   obstruction, neoplasia, infection
   ͻ granulomatous inflammation or
   spermatic granulomas

Question 7

. Inflammation of the testes and epididymis: infectious causes

Answer 7

ͻ bacteria
ͻ arrive hematogenously: ex Brucella sp.
ͻ arrive via ascending infection-> UTI: ecoli, staph, strep
ͻ viruses: fungi

Question 8

testes neoplasia

Answer 8

Dogs, stallions, rarely other species
* In dogs
* most are benign
* if metastatic – malignant
1. Germ cell neoplasms
2. Sex cord-stromal cell neoplasms

Question 9

testes neoplasia

Answer 9

a. germ cell origin -Seminoma: 1/3
-germ cells in semineferios tubules.
* more common in cryptorchid testes
* typically benign, white/ grey color
* do not produce hormone

2. Sex cord-stromal cell origin
   a. Interstitial (Leydig) cell tumor
   * typically benign
   * orange to brown
   * may – rarely – produce hormone

b. Sertoli cell tumors
* more common in cryptorchid testes
* typically benign
* about one-third produce estrogen
* feminization syndrome

Question 10

Prostate Gland problems

Answer 10

• Disease is only common in dogs
• Prostatomegaly
  ͻ prostatic hyperplasia
  ͻ prostatic carcinoma / adenocarcinoma
  ͻ prostatitis

Question 11

Prostatomegaly 3 causes

Answer 11

A. Prostatic hyperplasia
* testosterone dependent, effects of castration and age.
-can include cysts
* obstipation and dyschezia, rarley causes urinary
problems, ribbon like feces.
-SYMMETRICAL

B. Prostatic neoplasia
* prostatic carcinoma / adenocarcinoma
-in castrated and uncastrated dogs
* not hormone (testosterone) dependent
* metastasis is common
-ASYMETRICAL

C. Inflammation
ͻ typically bacteria
ͻ E. coli, Staph. sp., Strep.
Proteus sp.
* via urinary tract
ͻ Brucella canis
* associated with orchitis
-acute, chronic or abscess

Question 12

Penis and Prepuce problems

Answer 12

-Developmental Abnormalities
* many
1. Hypospadia and epispadia

-inflammation:
* trauma
* bacteria
* herpesvirus
* Habronema spp

-neoplasia:
a. transmissible venereal tumor – dogs
b. squamous cell carcinoma – horses
2° neoplasms
metastatic or multicentric neoplasms
e.g., mast cell tumors, LSA,

Question 13

Penis and Prepuce
B. Inflammation
1. Terminology

Answer 13

• balanitis
• phallitis
• posthitis
• phaloposthitis
• balanoposthitis