cardiac

Question 1

cardiac changes

Answer 1

acute overload leads to dilation, chronic volume overload causes hypertrophy.

Question 2

Cardiac hypertrophy

Answer 2

happens due to increased workload to pump more volume or pressure. Reversible. Can be eccentric (accompanied by dilation), or concentric (reduced volume of the ventricular chambers)

Question 3

Cellular stages in cardiac hypertrophy

Answer 3

1: initiation: increase cell size
2: compensation: stable hyperfunction with no clinical signs.
3: deterioration: degeneration of hypertrophied cardiomyocytes and loss of contractility followed by heart failure.

Question 4

Cardiac failure:

Answer 4

-when the heart is unable to pump blood at a rate sufficient to meet the metabolic demands of the tissue.
-anterograde component-> hypotension from decreased cardiac output
-retrograde component-> inability to empty venous reservoirs leading to swollen abdomen, tachypnea, dyspnea.

Question 5

Patent ductus arteriosus PDA or failure to close

Answer 5

-leads to left to right shunt: between aorta and the pulmonary artery -> increased pulmonary blood flow and hypertension. Leading to an overload in pressure in the PV and volume overload in LV.
-can lead to shunt reversal (mix of O2 and non O2 blood) and cyanosis.

Question 6

Atrial septal defect ASD: 2 types

Answer 6

-two types: 1 probe patent foramen ovale where the foramen ovale fails to close. Or 2 true atrial defect where there is failed closure of the atrial septum.

Question 7

Atrial septal defect ASDs lead to

Answer 7

-excessive BF from LA-> RA which overloads the RV and leads to RV hypertrophy then pulmonary congestion from oxygenated blood returning to the lungs.

Question 8

Ventricular septal defect VSD, hemodynamics

Answer 8

• One of the most common cardiac defects in domestic animals
• VSD could be high when the septal defect is close to the AV valve
• Low VSD close to the apex. (rare)
  Hemodynamics: left to right shunt, RV hypertrophy-> right sided heart failure. Blood shunting could later result In reverse R-> L and cause cyanosis

Question 9

Valvular dysplasia

Answer 9

-tricuspid dysplasia: most common in cats, then retreiver dogs. Leads to thickening of leaflets, missing or short cordae tendinae, causing eccentric hypertrophy of the RV and distension of the RA.
-Mitral dysplasia: most common in cats, short thick leaflets, short chordae tendinae, upward malposition hypertrophic papillary muslces, causes ecentric hypertrophy of LV and distension of LA.

Question 10

Pulmonic stenosis

Answer 10

-narrowing of the pulmonic valve
-can be classified due to location, valvular, subvalvular, and supravalvular.
-arterial dialation is found in the artery distal to the stenosis.
-hemodynamics: pressure overload RV -> RV hypertrophy then right sided heart failure.
-concentric hypertrophy due to pressure.

Question 11

Aortic and subarotic stenosis:

Answer 11

-common in dogs and pigs
-stenotic site is formed by constricting band of fibrous or muscular tissue encircling the LV outflow tract.
-post stenotic dilation is distal to stenotic site.
-hemodynamics: pressure ovrload of LV-> hypertrophy of LV-> post stenotic dialation of the aorta  L heart failure and pulmonary edema.

Question 12

what is the tetralogy of fallot

Answer 12

-ventricular septal defect
-overriding aorta
-pulmonic stenosis
-Right ventricular hypertrophy
-a complex malformation

Question 13

Tertralogy of fallot hemodynamics

Answer 13

-Complex malformity, three are congenital.
-causes shunt from R to L and then leads to cyanosis from the mixing of oxygenated and unoxygenated blood.

Question 14

ventriculoarterial discordance

Answer 14

-The aorta arises from the right ventricle and the
pulmonary artery (PA) emerges from the left ventricle. (reversesd)
-There is separation of the systemic and pulmonary circulations which is incompatible with postnatal life unless theres a shunt
-leads to transposition of the greater arteries

Question 15

Persistent Right Aortic Arch

Answer 15

-has no signs of heart failure
-seen in dogs
-cardiac malformation, the aorta is incorrectly formed from the right fourth
rather than from the left fourth aortic arch in the embryo.
-leads to esophageal constriction which lead to dysphagia, regurgitation, megaesophagus. Solid foods will get stuck.

Question 16

pericardial sac

Answer 16

-The pericardial sac contains small traces of fluid which acts as a lubricant to prevent friction between the pericardium and epicardium.

Question 17

Serious atophy of fat:

Answer 17

-negative energy balance, skinny, burning too many calories.
-can also happen in the bone marrow, last resorts when an animal is emaciated

Question 18

hydropericardium

Answer 18

-a pericardial effusion filled with transudate, low protein
-clear fluid, in pericardial sac
Pathogenesis: hydrostatic, heart failure, hypertension, hypoprotenemia, altered vascular permeability. Common nacl toxicity in birds.

Question 19

hemopericardium

Answer 19

-a pericardial effusion filled with blood. high protein
-blood in pericardial sac
-caused by atrial or aortic rupture, trama, puncture, hemangiosarcoma.
-Acute hemorrhage can cause cardiac tamponade → sudden death

Question 19

pericarditis

Answer 19

-a pericardial effusion filled with excudate
-thick, high in cells and protein
–depends on type of exudate: fibrinous, suppurative (purulent), fibrinoheorrahic, granulomatous.
-tramatic reticulopericarditis in cattle

Question 19

Polyserositis (glassers disease)

Answer 19

-Fibrin and fluid in pericardial sac
- Firbinopurulent exudate in joint

Question 20

Black Leg / Clostridial Myositis

Answer 20

-Fibrinous pericarditis is commonly seen in Black Leg (Clostridium chauvoei)
1. Fibrinous pericarditis
2. Black discoloration of the leg muscle
3. Fibrins strands in the pericardial sac

Question 21

Chronic Constrictive Pericarditis

Answer 21

-The heart in encased in a dense fibrous or fibrocalcific scar that may obliterate the pericardial space; in extreme cases it can resemble a plaster mold (“concretio cordis”)
-can be caused by chronic pericarditis
-distended pericardial sax

Question 22

Distension of the Pericardial Sac

Answer 22

The pericardial sac can notably enlarge on physical demand to accommodate:
* Excess fluid in hydropericardium
* Non-fatal progressive pericardial hemorrhage in hemopericardium
* Exudate in pericarditis
* Enlarged heart in cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy.

Question 23

Endocardial fibrosis and fibroelastosis 2 types

Answer 23

-Acquired (secondary) fibrosis can be focal or generalized (diffuse) and the most common causes are: * Focal: Abnormal blood turbulences in the atria or ventricles cause the so-called "jet lesions. -Primary endocardial fibroelastosis occurs as a hereditary disease in humans and Burmese cats in which there is no underlying cardiac disease. The pathogenesis is uncertain.

Question 24

Subendocardial fibrosis

Answer 24

increased collagen deposits in the sub endocardium usually secondary to blood turbulance caused by a congenital heart defect. Valvular stenosis or shunts.

Question 25

endocardial Mineralization 2 types

Answer 25

-Endocardial Mineralization is an abnormal deposition of calcium or mineral in the endocardium. * Metastatic: High levels of circulating Ca++ in hypercalcemic states * Dystrophic: Secondary calcification in injured endocardium.

Question 26

causes of endocardial mineralization

Answer 26

* Hypervitaminosis D: too much vitamin D: When animals ingest Vitamin D analogs which are present in some rodenticides or toxic plants such as Solanum. * Chronic granulomatous diseases particularly bovines with paratuberculosis or tuberculosis, often show endocardial and arterial mineralization. * Uremia: Mineralization is also seen in uremic dogs (uremic endocarditis)

Question 27

Valvular cysts:

Answer 27

-common in calves * Lymphocyst when the content is clear fluid * Hematocyst when the content is blood -not clinically significant

Question 28

myxomatous valvular degeneration (endocardiosis)

Answer 28

-common in mature dogs -usually mitral valve -nodular thickening of the valve with a smooth shiney surface. -may cause valvular dysfunction

Question 29

Endocarditis

Answer 29

-inflammation of the endocardium -causes: bacteria, fungi, parasites * Valvular endocarditis (valves) * Mural endocarditis (ventricular or atrial wall)* -Ulcerative when the endocardium is ulcerated (dogs with uremia) -can lead to thromboembolism (renal infarcts)

Question 30

Vegetative valvular endocarditis

Answer 30

-cauliflower-like mass of exudate and fibrin attached to a heart valve or endocardium. Common in farm animals. -may develop R sided heart failure symptoms, nutmeg liver hydrothorax. Can lead to embolites going into the lungs and getting embolic pneumonia. -pigs can have bacterial infectoin signs on feet and tips of ears, sepsis.

Question 31

bacteria which may cause vegetative valvular endocarditis in domestic animals are:

Answer 31

* Streptococcus equi and Actinobacillus equuli in horses * Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes in cattle * Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and Streptococcus suis type II in pigs * Staphylococcus aureus in dogs * Bartonella and Streptpococcus sp. In cats.

Question 32

Myocardium

Answer 32

* The myocardium constitutes the bulk of the heart mass. * It is externally lined by the pericardium and internally by the endocardium. -has striations like skeletal muscle, fibers are branched and join via intercalated disks. -cardiomyocytes have many mitochondria and myoglobin. -Unlike skeletal muscle, the myocardium has practically no capacity to replace lost myofibers and therefore normal repair is impossible. -have sarcoplasm and sarcolemma (cell membrane)

Question 33

Degeneration and Necrosis of cardiac muscle

Answer 33

- Cardiomyocytes are particularly susceptible to hypoxia and free radicals, but injury can also be caused by viruses, bacteria, cardiotoxins or parasites -degenerate similar to skeletal muscle, loss of striations, swelling, dissolution of myofibrils

Question 34

Myocardial necrosis and repair

Answer 34

-Following necrosis affected fibers undergo cardiomyolysis and shortly after, macrophages and neutrophils start cleaning up myofiber debris. -no capacity to repair by regeneration instead necrotic tissue is replaced by connective tissue which lead to cardiac fibrosis scar.

Question 35

ischemic Myocardial Necrosis

Answer 35

(HEART ATTACK) -very rare to have a heart attack in animals -instead they develop infarctions and necrosis from toxic plants such as cottenseedmeal, ionophores, olender.

Question 36

White Muscle Disease (Nutritional Myopathy) and path

Answer 36

-farm animals only who are rapidly growing/ stressed -effects skeletal and cardiac muscle -responds well to treatment but only at early stages. - deficiencies in Vitamin E and Selenium translate into reduced availability of free radical scavengers. more free radicals cause cell degeneration. – Degenerated cells are unable to pump out calcium and calcium accumulates in the cells leading to mineralization. -For unknown reason WMD affects the right ventricle (RV) in lambs while in calves it affects the left ventricle (LV)

Question 37

Mulberry heart disease

Answer 37

-in pigs a deficiency in vitamin E and selenium doesn’t cause white muscle it causes mulberry heart disease. -areas of hemorrhage and necrosis and accumulation of fluid in the body cavities, also fibrin deposits attached to epicardium

Question 38

inflammatory Diseases of the Myocardium (Myocarditis)

Answer 38

-usually a systemic disease - According to exudate, myocarditis is classified as: * Suppurative (neutrophils) * Lymphocytic * Eosinophilic * Hemorrhagic * Granulomatous ex pathogenesis: canine parvovirus in young puppies

Question 39

Bovine myocarditis

Answer 39

-cause of bovine myocarditis common in feedlots. Can cause acute death or progress to chronic with heart failure. -locally extensive areas of infarction and suppurative myocarditis caused by histophilus somni

Question 40

Parasitic Myocarditis (Cysticercosis)

Answer 40

-fluid filled cysts containing larvae. -causes: sarcosystis, toxoplasmoni gondii, typanosoma cruzi.

Question 40

(Trueperella pyogenes)

Answer 40

-Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes can cause infection and inflammation in many organs including lungs, liver, joints, etc. In some cases blood dissemination leads to heart abscesses or endocarditis

Question 41

Primary Cardiomyopathies

Answer 41

A “Cardiomyopathy” is a primary myocardial abnormality that results in changes in cardiac wall thickness (hypertrophy or dilation), causes electrical disturbances and often results in sudden unexpected death. -Cardiomyopathy is a diagnosis of exclusion, which means cardiovascular anomalies such as congenital shunts and hypertension, among others, must be ruled out first.

Question 42

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 42

-common in middle age male cats, 1/3 develop saddle thrombosis -decreased ventricular filling leading to diastolic dysfunction. -* Resembles concentric hypertrophy but without an underlying cause such as aortic or pulmonic stenosis, hypertension, etc. * Affects both ventricles in the majority of cases but especially notable for the left Ventricle

Question 43

Dilated (Congestive) Cardiomyopathy

Answer 43

-most common in dogs but also cats, pigs, cows - Progressive cardiac dilation and contractile (systolic) dysfunctions * Causal predispositions: * Taurine deficiency in cats and foxes (not a primary cardiomyopathy) * Familial tendencies in large dog breed * Hereditary form is seen in Holstein cattle

Question 44

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

Answer 44

-Dilated (Congestive) Cardiomyopathy -in boxer dogs -autosomal dominant trait that causes an ion channel defect. -diffusly pale right ventricle

Question 45

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Answer 45

-cats -impaired ventricular filling and diastolic dysfunction * Usually preceded by endomyocarditis * Diffuse endocardial thickening; sometimes mural thrombosis -large septomarginal bands in L ventrical restrict filling.

Question 46

Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis

Answer 46

-distinct degenerative diseases of arteries that are manifested by hardening of the arterial wall, loss of elasticity, and in many cases, reduced vascular lumen. -mainley found in elastic arteries (aorta, and branching sites) -white plaques on vessel may have calcium deposits. - Atherosclerosis is a major cause of mortality in humans in which excessive circulating cholesterol is deposited in the arterial walls.

Question 47

atheromas and atherosclerosis

Answer 47

-cholesterol plaques in the intima and media of arteries -are particularly common in the coronary arteries (heart attacks) and in cerebral arteries (stroke). -Atherosclerosis is most commonly reported in hypothyroid dogs with hypercholesterolemia or diabetes mellitus, and in pigs, psittacine birds and pigeons fed a high lipid diet.

Question 48

Arterial hypertrophy

Answer 48

-is another arterial change that occurs in muscular arteries. It is characterized by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the smooth muscle which results in loss of elasticity, narrowing of the arterial lumen, and increased resistance. -Hypertension is a common cause of arterial hypertrophy or high altitude brisket disease.

Question 49

Aneurysm

Answer 49

-Localized weakening and dilation of blood vessels, particularly elastic arteries and to a lesser extent veins -saccular: a spherical dialation of BV looking like blood filled balloon. -dissecting: tear in intima allows blood to enter space between intima and media. -very prone to rupture -causes copper deficiency, trauma

Question 50

arterial medial calcification causes

Answer 50

-hypervitaminosis D or ingestion of toxic plants with vitamin D which cause hypercalcemia and metastatic calcification -chronic granulatamous disease (TB) -johnes disease

Question 51

Vasculitis

Answer 51

-describes inflammation of small arteries and veins -grossly visible in affected tissues i.e., hemorrhages, edema or small infarcts. Common causes of vasculitis include: * Systemic infections (virus, bacteria, fungi). * Hypersensitivities where antigen-antibody complexes attached to the walls of blood vessels. * Adverse drug reactions

Question 52

Phlebitis and thrombophlebitis

Answer 52

-Phlebitis is the term used to describe inflammation in veins. Veins undergoing inflammation typically become thrombosed, hence the term thrombophlebitis. * Vena cava thrombosis in cattle which is typically secondary to an hepatic abscess eroding into the wall of the vena cava. * Omphalophlebitis in which the umbilical veins, particularly in farm animals, become infected and inflamed after birth. * Iatrogenic phlebitis in all species caused by improper venipuncture.

Question 53

tumors of the cardiovascular system

Answer 53

-primary: hemangioma, rhadomyoma, heart base tumor -secondary: lymphoma

Question 54

Hemangiosarcoma

Answer 54

* In dogs, hemangiosarcoma can arise from various organs, primarily the spleen and heart R atrium. * Hemangiosarcoma can cause cardiomegaly, hemopericardium, and cardiac tamponade. * Neoplastic cells form channels filled with blood, hence it has typically a dark red color * It readily metastasize to the lungs and other organs such as brain, kidneys, liver

Question 55

Chemodectoma:

Answer 55

-tumor of chemoreceptors at the base of the heart, can compress arteries and lead to signs of heart failure. Must distinguish from an ectopic thyroid carcinoma. -mass at base of heart -can cause heart failure

Question 56

myoma

Answer 56

-gelatinous looking tumor in the heart -can embolize to the lungs without metastisis. Which can lead to pulmonary hypothension.

Question 57

Hyperemia of lungs

Answer 57

-bright red color confined to cranial ventral part of the lungs which is an increase in the amount of arterial oxygenated blood.

Question 58

edema in resp system

Answer 58

-4 causes: hypoprotenemia, endothelial damage, Foam in trachea (not significant at bifurcation) or widened intralobular septa

Question 59

Atelectasis

Answer 59

-what happens when air exits the alveoli and they collapse. The lung goes darker red color and is compressed and smaller. Dark areas are compressed, lighter areas are more full. Common to be a post mortem artifact.

Question 60

Emphysema

Answer 60

-structures in the lung are overly expanded with gas -can be alveolus or bollous (bubbles in pleura) smoke induced frustrated phagocytosis leads to release of elastase which breaks down elastin and then the alveoli cant expand.

Question 61

feline herpes virus 1 and feline calicivirus

Answer 61

-viral resp disease -discharge from nose and eyes, can cause more significant diseases such as ulcerations of mouth associated with calici.

Question 62

cryptococcus in cats

Answer 62

-causes destruction of tissue of nasal, soft pallet, ect. Hallmark is that it forms a gelatinous mass in the back of airway.

Question 63

respiratory diseases in horses

Answer 63

 Viral infections: : herpes 1 and 4, equine influenza, equine rhinitis  Ethmoidal hematomas  Strangles  Guttural pouch mycosis/empyema

Question 64

Strangles

Answer 64

-Bacteria strepptacoccus equi -bilateral supurative lymphalitis. Filled with puss associated with the lymph nodes. -nasal discharge, if rupture they can aspirate material to lungs and lead to pneumonia. -Complications of strangles can lead to: type III hypersensitivity purpura hemmoragica, larger areas of hemorrhage due to immune response reactions which damages blood vessels. Can also see guttural pouch puss. -bastards strangles when lymph nodes in other parts of the body fill with puss, systemic illness.

Question 64

ethmodial hematomas

Answer 64

-progressive in horses, not sure of cause, originate from ethmoid bone. Only seen in horses.

Question 65

guttral pouch mycosis

Answer 65

-Fungal infection: can have damage to laryngeal nerves and get a roar. Or atrophy of muscle with large vessels which the fungus can eat its way into those vessels and cause hemmorage

Question 66

bovine viral resp dieases

Answer 66

-bovine herpes virus IBR -nasal discharge, or build up in the trachea of fiber

Question 67

Atrophic or necrotic rhinitis

Answer 67

-disease in pigs -atrophic: destruction of nasal turbinates caused by bacteria which induces osteoclasts to absorb bone. -necrotic: bacterial infection in nasal cavity causes destruction and can cause deviation of nasal septum

Question 68

different types of thoraxes

Answer 68

-chlycothorax: chyle in pleural space, lymphatic fluid. Usually associated with damage to thoracic duct -hemothorax: blood in thoracic cavity -Hydrothorax: edema fluid in thoracic cavity, any cause of edema common is R sided heart failure. -pyrothorax: pus in thoracic cavity usually from penetrating wound.

Question 69

pleuritis.

Answer 69

-Inflammation of the lining of the pleural cavity, usually with pneumonia which leads to pleuritis.

Question 70

Embolic pneumonia

Answer 70

-occurs with embolism material entering the lungs. Randomly scattered areas of inflammation in the lung. -causes anything that embolizes ex liver embolism in cattle. -random pokadot pattern

Question 71

Bronchopneumonia

Answer 71

the inflammation is on the alveoli and the alveoli themselves fill with inflammatory cells. Terminal part of airway -causes are bacterial infection,starts from viral infection gets secondary bacterial infection. Ex shipping fever in cattle. -CRANIAL VENTRAL area of the lungs are red and inflamed, first airways which the bacteria and particles come in during inhalation. -exception pig lungs, bacteria causes bronchopneumonia which attracts the dorsal surface of the lungs.

Question 72

Interstitial pneumonia

Answer 72

-: inflammation in wall of alveolar septum and they become wider. -caused by viruses or toxins -lungs are DIFFUSLY affected, lung fails to collapse, widened and thickened alveolar septa. -when you palpate them they will be heavier and firmer and rubbery. Rib impressions -causes toxoplasma gondii, canine herpes, IVR or BRD (cattle)

Question 73

Kennel cough

Answer 73

: bortatella bronchoceptica (causes a tracheaitis in dogs and atrophic rhinitis in pigs). Often associated with secondary viral infection.

Question 74

canine distemper

Answer 74

-Causes bronchointerstitial pneumonia, fail to collapse, heavy, wet, cranialventral protion may be heavy and wet.

Question 75

Canine herpes

Answer 75

-causes interstitial pneumonia, all lungs effected, heavy, wet, red. Rib impressions

Question 76

acute resp distress syndrome

Answer 76

-Massive acute damage to alveolar epithelium and leakage of high protein fluid. -sepsis can also do this Lungs heavy wet, red

Question 77

blastomyces

Answer 77

-One of the most common pneumonias in dogs when they die. -associated with yeast (blastomyces dermatitidis) -southern sk, MB. Seen in young hunting dogs or farm dogs, ihale it and get granulatamous phemonia. Diffuse white nodualr masses effecting both lungs. Always chronic- no hyperemia

Question 78

Bronchitis/asmtha in cats

Answer 78

-chronic=bronchitis, intermediate its asthma -Lots of esonophils, resp difficulty due to hypoersensitivity. Swelling in walls of airways and hypersecretion of mucus which impairs resp function. Bronchopnemonia not common in cats.

Question 79

aleurostrongluses abstrusus (lungworm)

Answer 79

Distinctive Multifolcal lesions -multifocal dark, red, soft nodules more common on dorsal side. -seen in outside cats which are hunters -pattern isnt typical for bacterial or viral Differential: hemangiosarcoma causing these red soft nodules.

Question 80

Cats with pulmonary tumors

Answer 80

-clinical signs, develop sores on their feet from lung digit syndrome so primary lung tumor with metastasis to the digits. Doesn’t happen in dogs, poor prognosis.

Question 81

mycoplasma bovis

Answer 81

-Chronic respiratory disease: mycoplasma bovis leads to abscesses, sequestrums. In animals which survive disease. In bison you see large areas of damage could be whole lung.

Question 81

Heaves in horses

Answer 81

-horses in dirty environment exposed to more particles can develop heave lines. Inflammation of bronchioles and hypertrophy of the smooth muscle and metaplaisa of golbet cells where one cell type replaces another. Goblet cells secrete mucus.

Question 82

Rhondococcus equi

Answer 82

-bacterial infection that causes abscess formation. Bronchopnemonia with multiple abscesses.

Question 83

shipping fever

Answer 83

: some kind of stress leads to immune suppression then viral infection and impaired defenses which can lead to bacterial bronchopneumonia. See changes in cranial portion of lung. Pasteurella bacteria could cause.

Question 84

Consolidated lung bronchopneumonia and atelectasis difference

Answer 84

atelectasis has compression or sunken where bronchopneumonia does not.

Question 85

3-methylindole toxicity (fog fever)

Answer 85

-animals moved onto lush pasture can also cause interstitial pneumonia. Large amounts of tryptifan which is converted to a toxin which damaged type I pneumocytes the flat cells which causes cell death. Edema and emphysema

Question 86

mycobacterium bovis

Answer 86

-Bovine TB caused by: mycobacterium bovis. Granuloma formations in lungs and lymph nodes.

Question 87

Lentivirus goats and sheep

Answer 87

-slow growing viruses. Interstitial pneumonia, heavy wet, fail to collapse. Goats young animals, sheep older animals.

Question 88

swine influenzas

Answer 88

-viral disease -Lung is rubbery, and may see redness in cranial ventral portion which is atelectasis and collapsed. red and pale patches.

Question 89

Porcine circovirus, PRRS

Answer 89

-can cause interstitial pneumonias in pigs. see it as cause of aborptions in pigs. dorsal protion of lungs are lesions