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cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

cardiac changes

A

acute overload leads to dilation, chronic volume overload causes hypertrophy.

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2
Q

Cardiac hypertrophy

A

happens due to increased workload to pump more volume or pressure. Reversible. Can be eccentric (accompanied by dilation), or concentric (reduced volume of the ventricular chambers)

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3
Q

Cellular stages in cardiac hypertrophy

A

1: initiation: increase cell size
2: compensation: stable hyperfunction with no clinical signs.
3: deterioration: degeneration of hypertrophied cardiomyocytes and loss of contractility followed by heart failure.

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4
Q

Cardiac failure:

A

-when the heart is unable to pump blood at a rate sufficient to meet the metabolic demands of the tissue.
-anterograde component-> hypotension from decreased cardiac output
-retrograde component-> inability to empty venous reservoirs leading to swollen abdomen, tachypnea, dyspnea.

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5
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus PDA or failure to close

A

-leads to left to right shunt: between aorta and the pulmonary artery -> increased pulmonary blood flow and hypertension. Leading to an overload in pressure in the PV and volume overload in LV.
-can lead to shunt reversal (mix of O2 and non O2 blood) and cyanosis.

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6
Q

Atrial septal defect ASD: 2 types

A

-two types: 1 probe patent foramen ovale where the foramen ovale fails to close. Or 2 true atrial defect where there is failed closure of the atrial septum.

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7
Q

Atrial septal defect ASDs lead to

A

-excessive BF from LA-> RA which overloads the RV and leads to RV hypertrophy then pulmonary congestion from oxygenated blood returning to the lungs.

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8
Q

Ventricular septal defect VSD, hemodynamics

A
  • One of the most common cardiac defects in domestic animals
  • VSD could be high when the septal defect is close to the AV valve
  • Low VSD close to the apex. (rare)
    Hemodynamics: left to right shunt, RV hypertrophy-> right sided heart failure. Blood shunting could later result In reverse R-> L and cause cyanosis
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9
Q

Valvular dysplasia

A

-tricuspid dysplasia: most common in cats, then retreiver dogs. Leads to thickening of leaflets, missing or short cordae tendinae, causing eccentric hypertrophy of the RV and distension of the RA.
-Mitral dysplasia: most common in cats, short thick leaflets, short chordae tendinae, upward malposition hypertrophic papillary muslces, causes ecentric hypertrophy of LV and distension of LA.

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10
Q

Pulmonic stenosis

A

-narrowing of the pulmonic valve
-can be classified due to location, valvular, subvalvular, and supravalvular.
-arterial dialation is found in the artery distal to the stenosis.
-hemodynamics: pressure overload RV -> RV hypertrophy then right sided heart failure.
-concentric hypertrophy due to pressure.

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11
Q

Aortic and subarotic stenosis:

A

-common in dogs and pigs
-stenotic site is formed by constricting band of fibrous or muscular tissue encircling the LV outflow tract.
-post stenotic dilation is distal to stenotic site.
-hemodynamics: pressure ovrload of LV-> hypertrophy of LV-> post stenotic dialation of the aorta  L heart failure and pulmonary edema.

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12
Q

what is the tetralogy of fallot

A

-ventricular septal defect
-overriding aorta
-pulmonic stenosis
-Right ventricular hypertrophy
-a complex malformation

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13
Q

Tertralogy of fallot hemodynamics

A

-Complex malformity, three are congenital.
-causes shunt from R to L and then leads to cyanosis from the mixing of oxygenated and unoxygenated blood.

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14
Q

ventriculoarterial discordance

A

-The aorta arises from the right ventricle and the
pulmonary artery (PA) emerges from the left ventricle. (reversesd)
-There is separation of the systemic and pulmonary circulations which is incompatible with postnatal life unless theres a shunt
-leads to transposition of the greater arteries

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15
Q

Persistent Right Aortic Arch

A

-has no signs of heart failure
-seen in dogs
-cardiac malformation, the aorta is incorrectly formed from the right fourth
rather than from the left fourth aortic arch in the embryo.
-leads to esophageal constriction which lead to dysphagia, regurgitation, megaesophagus. Solid foods will get stuck.

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16
Q

pericardial sac

A

-The pericardial sac contains small traces of fluid which acts as a lubricant to prevent friction between the pericardium and epicardium.

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17
Q

Serious atophy of fat:

A

-negative energy balance, skinny, burning too many calories.
-can also happen in the bone marrow, last resorts when an animal is emaciated

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18
Q

hydropericardium

A

-a pericardial effusion filled with transudate, low protein
-clear fluid, in pericardial sac
Pathogenesis: hydrostatic, heart failure, hypertension, hypoprotenemia, altered vascular permeability. Common nacl toxicity in birds.

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19
Q

hemopericardium

A

-a pericardial effusion filled with blood. high protein
-blood in pericardial sac
-caused by atrial or aortic rupture, trama, puncture, hemangiosarcoma.
-Acute hemorrhage can cause cardiac tamponade → sudden death

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19
Q

pericarditis

A

-a pericardial effusion filled with excudate
-thick, high in cells and protein
–depends on type of exudate: fibrinous, suppurative (purulent), fibrinoheorrahic, granulomatous.
-tramatic reticulopericarditis in cattle

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19
Q

Polyserositis (glassers disease)

A

-Fibrin and fluid in pericardial sac
- Firbinopurulent exudate in joint

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20
Q

Black Leg / Clostridial Myositis

A

-Fibrinous pericarditis is commonly seen in Black Leg (Clostridium chauvoei)
1. Fibrinous pericarditis
2. Black discoloration of the leg muscle
3. Fibrins strands in the pericardial sac

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21
Q

Chronic Constrictive Pericarditis

A

-The heart in encased in a dense fibrous or fibrocalcific scar that may obliterate the pericardial space; in extreme cases it can resemble a plaster mold (“concretio cordis”)
-can be caused by chronic pericarditis
-distended pericardial sax

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22
Q

Distension of the Pericardial Sac

A

The pericardial sac can notably enlarge on physical demand to accommodate:
* Excess fluid in hydropericardium
* Non-fatal progressive pericardial hemorrhage in hemopericardium
* Exudate in pericarditis
* Enlarged heart in cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy.

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23
Q

Endocardial fibrosis and fibroelastosis 2 types

A

-Acquired (secondary) fibrosis can be focal or generalized (diffuse) and the most common
causes are:
* Focal: Abnormal blood turbulences in the atria or ventricles cause the so-called “jet
lesions.
-Primary endocardial fibroelastosis occurs as a hereditary disease in humans and Burmese cats in which there is no underlying cardiac disease. The pathogenesis is uncertain.

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24
Q

Subendocardial fibrosis

A

increased collagen deposits in the sub endocardium usually secondary to blood turbulance caused by a congenital heart defect. Valvular stenosis or shunts.

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25
Q

endocardial Mineralization 2 types

A

-Endocardial Mineralization is an abnormal deposition of calcium or mineral in the
endocardium.
* Metastatic: High levels of circulating Ca++ in hypercalcemic states
* Dystrophic: Secondary calcification in injured endocardium.

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26
Q

causes of endocardial mineralization

A
  • Hypervitaminosis D: too much vitamin D: When animals ingest Vitamin D analogs which are present in some rodenticides or toxic plants such as Solanum.
  • Chronic granulomatous diseases particularly bovines with paratuberculosis
    or tuberculosis, often show endocardial and arterial mineralization.
  • Uremia: Mineralization is also seen in uremic dogs (uremic endocarditis)
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27
Q

Valvular cysts:

A

-common in calves
* Lymphocyst when the content is clear fluid
* Hematocyst when the content is blood
-not clinically significant

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28
Q

myxomatous valvular degeneration (endocardiosis)

A

-common in mature dogs
-usually mitral valve
-nodular thickening of the valve with a smooth shiney surface.
-may cause valvular dysfunction

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29
Q

Endocarditis

A

-inflammation of the endocardium
-causes: bacteria, fungi, parasites
* Valvular endocarditis (valves)
* Mural endocarditis (ventricular or atrial wall)*
-Ulcerative when the endocardium is ulcerated (dogs with uremia)
-can lead to thromboembolism (renal infarcts)

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30
Q

Vegetative valvular endocarditis

A

-cauliflower-like mass of exudate and fibrin attached to a heart valve or endocardium. Common in farm animals.
-may develop R sided heart failure symptoms, nutmeg liver hydrothorax. Can lead to embolites going into the lungs and getting embolic pneumonia.
-pigs can have bacterial infectoin signs on feet and tips of ears, sepsis.

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31
Q

bacteria which may cause vegetative valvular endocarditis in domestic animals are:

A
  • Streptococcus equi and Actinobacillus equuli in horses
  • Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes in cattle
  • Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and Streptococcus suis type II in pigs
  • Staphylococcus aureus in dogs
  • Bartonella and Streptpococcus sp. In cats.
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32
Q

Myocardium

A
  • The myocardium constitutes the bulk of the heart mass.
  • It is externally lined by the pericardium and internally by the endocardium.
    -has striations like skeletal muscle, fibers are branched and join via intercalated disks.
    -cardiomyocytes have many mitochondria and myoglobin.
    -Unlike skeletal muscle, the myocardium has practically no capacity to replace
    lost myofibers and therefore normal repair is impossible.
    -have sarcoplasm and sarcolemma (cell membrane)
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33
Q

Degeneration and Necrosis of cardiac muscle

A
  • Cardiomyocytes are particularly susceptible to hypoxia and free radicals, but injury
    can also be caused by viruses, bacteria, cardiotoxins or parasites
    -degenerate similar to skeletal muscle, loss of striations, swelling, dissolution of myofibrils
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34
Q

Myocardial necrosis and repair

A

-Following necrosis affected fibers undergo cardiomyolysis and shortly after,
macrophages and neutrophils start cleaning up myofiber debris.
-no capacity to repair by regeneration instead necrotic tissue is replaced by connective tissue which lead to cardiac fibrosis scar.

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35
Q

ischemic Myocardial Necrosis

A

(HEART ATTACK)
-very rare to have a heart attack in animals
-instead they develop infarctions and necrosis from toxic plants such as cottenseedmeal, ionophores, olender.

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36
Q

White Muscle Disease (Nutritional Myopathy) and path

A

-farm animals only who are rapidly growing/ stressed
-effects skeletal and cardiac muscle
-responds well to treatment but only at early stages.
- deficiencies in Vitamin E and Selenium translate into reduced availability of free radical scavengers. more free radicals cause cell degeneration.
– Degenerated cells are unable to pump out calcium and calcium accumulates in the cells leading to mineralization.
-For unknown reason WMD affects the right ventricle (RV) in lambs while in calves it affects the left ventricle (LV)

37
Q

Mulberry heart disease

A

-in pigs a deficiency in vitamin E and selenium doesn’t cause white muscle it causes mulberry heart disease.
-areas of hemorrhage and necrosis and accumulation of fluid in the body cavities, also fibrin deposits attached to epicardium

38
Q

inflammatory Diseases of the Myocardium (Myocarditis)

A

-usually a systemic disease
- According to exudate, myocarditis is classified as:
* Suppurative (neutrophils)
* Lymphocytic
* Eosinophilic
* Hemorrhagic
* Granulomatous
ex pathogenesis: canine parvovirus in young puppies

39
Q

Histophilus somni myocarditis

A

-cause of bovine myocarditis common in feedlots. Can cause acute death or progress to chronic with heart failure.
-locally extensive areas of infarction and suppurative myocarditis

40
Q

Parasitic Myocarditis (Cysticercosis)

A

-fluid filled cysts containing larvae.
-causes: sarcosystis, toxoplasmoni gondii, typanosoma cruzi.

40
Q

(Trueperella pyogenes)

A

-Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes can cause infection and
inflammation in many organs including lungs, liver, joints, etc. In some cases
blood dissemination leads to heart abscesses or endocarditis

41
Q

Primary Cardiomyopathies

A

A “Cardiomyopathy” is a primary myocardial abnormality that results in changes in cardiac wall thickness (hypertrophy or dilation), causes electrical disturbances and often results in sudden unexpected death.
-Cardiomyopathy is a diagnosis of exclusion, which means cardiovascular anomalies such as congenital shunts and hypertension, among others, must be ruled out first.

42
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

-common in middle age male cats, 1/3 develop saddle thrombosis
-decreased ventricular filling leading to diastolic dysfunction.
-* Resembles concentric hypertrophy but without an underlying cause such as aortic
or pulmonic stenosis, hypertension, etc.
* Affects both ventricles in the majority of cases but especially notable for the left Ventricle

43
Q

Dilated (Congestive) Cardiomyopathy

A

-most common in dogs but also cats, pigs, cows
- Progressive cardiac dilation and contractile (systolic) dysfunctions
* Causal predispositions:
* Taurine deficiency in cats and foxes (not a primary cardiomyopathy)
* Familial tendencies in large dog breed
* Hereditary form is seen in Holstein cattle

44
Q

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

A

-Dilated (Congestive) Cardiomyopathy
-in boxer dogs
-autosomal dominant trait that causes an ion channel defect.
-diffusly pale right ventricle

45
Q

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

A

-cats
-impaired ventricular filling and diastolic dysfunction
* Usually preceded by endomyocarditis
* Diffuse endocardial thickening; sometimes mural thrombosis
-large septomarginal bands in L ventrical restrict filling.

46
Q

Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis

A

-distinct degenerative diseases of arteries that are manifested by hardening of the arterial wall, loss of elasticity, and in many cases, reduced vascular lumen.
-mainley found in elastic arteries (aorta, and branching sites)
-white plaques on vessel may have calcium deposits.
- Atherosclerosis is a major cause of mortality in humans in which excessive
circulating cholesterol is deposited in the arterial walls.

47
Q

atheromas and atherosclerosis

A

-cholesterol plaques in the intima and media of arteries
-are particularly common in the coronary arteries (heart attacks) and in cerebral arteries (stroke).
-Atherosclerosis is most commonly reported in hypothyroid dogs with hypercholesterolemia or diabetes mellitus, and in pigs, psittacine birds and pigeons fed a high lipid diet.

48
Q

Arterial hypertrophy

A

-is another arterial change that occurs in muscular arteries.
It is characterized by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the smooth muscle which
results in loss of elasticity, narrowing of the arterial lumen, and increased resistance.
-Hypertension is a common cause of arterial hypertrophy or high altitude brisket disease.

49
Q

Aneurysm

A

-Localized weakening and dilation of blood vessels, particularly elastic arteries and to a lesser extent veins
-saccular: a spherical dialation of BV looking like blood filled balloon.
-dissecting: tear in intima allows blood to enter space between intima and media.
-very prone to rupture
-causes copper deficiency, trauma

50
Q

arterial medial calcification causes

A

-hypervitaminosis D or ingestion of toxic plants with vitamin D which cause hypercalcemia and metastatic calcification
-chronic granulatamous disease (TB)
-johnes disease

51
Q

Vasculitis

A

-describes inflammation of small arteries and veins
-grossly visible in affected tissues i.e., hemorrhages, edema or small infarcts.
Common causes of vasculitis include:
* Systemic infections (virus, bacteria, fungi).
* Hypersensitivities where antigen-antibody complexes attached to the walls of
blood vessels.
* Adverse drug reactions

52
Q

Phlebitis and thrombophlebitis

A

-Phlebitis is the term used to describe inflammation in veins. Veins undergoing
inflammation typically become thrombosed, hence the term thrombophlebitis.
* Vena cava thrombosis in cattle which is typically secondary to an hepatic abscess
eroding into the wall of the vena cava.
* Omphalophlebitis in which the umbilical veins, particularly in farm animals,
become infected and inflamed after birth.
* Iatrogenic phlebitis in all species caused by improper venipuncture.

53
Q

tumors of the cardiovascular system

A

-primary: hemangioma, rhadomyoma, heart base tumor
-secondary: lymphoma

54
Q

Hemangiosarcoma

A
  • In dogs, hemangiosarcoma can arise from various organs, primarily the spleen and heart R atrium.
  • Hemangiosarcoma can cause cardiomegaly, hemopericardium, and cardiac tamponade.
  • Neoplastic cells form channels filled with blood, hence it has typically a dark red color
  • It readily metastasize to the lungs and other organs such as brain, kidneys, liver
55
Q

Chemodectoma:

A

-tumor of chemoreceptors at the base of the heart, can compress arteries and lead to signs of heart failure. Must distinguish from an ectopic thyroid carcinoma.
-mass at base of heart
-can cause heart failure

56
Q

myoma

A

-gelatinous looking tumor in the heart
-can embolize to the lungs without metastisis. Which can lead to pulmonary hypothension.

57
Q

Hyperemia of lungs

A

-bright red color confined to cranial ventral part of the lungs which is an increase in the amount of arterial oxygenated blood.

58
Q

edema in resp system

A

-4 causes: hypoprotenemia, endothelial damage,
Foam in trachea (not significant at bifurcation) or widened intralobular septa

59
Q

Atelectasis

A

-what happens when air exits the alveoli and they collapse. The lung goes darker red color and is compressed and smaller. Dark areas are compressed, lighter areas are more full. Common to be a post mortem artifact.

60
Q

Emphysema

A

-structures in the lung are overly expanded with gas
-can be alveolus or bollous (bubbles in pleura)
smoke induced frustrated phagocytosis leads to release of elastase which breaks down elastin and then the alveoli cant expand.

61
Q

feline herpes virus 1 and feline calicivirus

A

-viral resp disease
-discharge from nose and eyes, can cause more significant diseases such as ulcerations of mouth associated with calici.

62
Q

cryptococcus in cats

A

-causes destruction of tissue of nasal, soft pallet, ect. Hallmark is that it forms a gelatinous mass in the back of airway.

63
Q

respiratory diseases in horses

A

 Viral infections: : herpes 1 and 4, equine influenza, equine rhinitis
 Ethmoidal hematomas
 Strangles
 Guttural pouch mycosis/empyema

64
Q

Strangles

A

-Bacteria strepptacoccus equi
-bilateral supurative lymphalitis. Filled with puss associated with the lymph nodes.
-nasal discharge, if rupture they can aspirate material to lungs and lead to pneumonia.
-Complications of strangles can lead to: type III hypersensitivity purpura hemmoragica, larger areas of hemorrhage due to immune response reactions which damages blood vessels. Can also see guttural pouch puss.
-bastards strangles when lymph nodes in other parts of the body fill with puss, systemic illness.

64
Q

ethmodial hematomas

A

-progressive in horses, not sure of cause, originate from ethmoid bone. Only seen in horses.

65
Q

guttral pouch mycosis

A

-Fungal infection: can have damage to laryngeal nerves and get a roar. Or atrophy of muscle with large vessels which the fungus can eat its way into those vessels and cause hemmorage

66
Q

bovine viral resp dieases

A

-bovine herpes virus IBR
-nasal discharge, or build up in the trachea of fiber

67
Q

Atrophic or necrotic rhinitis

A

-disease in pigs
-atrophic: destruction of nasal turbinates caused by bacteria which induces osteoclasts to absorb bone.
-necrotic: bacterial infection in nasal cavity causes destruction and can cause deviation of nasal septum

68
Q

different types of thoraxes

A

-chlycothorax: chyle in pleural space, lymphatic fluid. Usually associated with damage to thoracic duct
-hemothorax: blood in thoracic cavity
-Hydrothorax: edema fluid in thoracic cavity, any cause of edema common is R sided heart failure.
-pyrothorax: pus in thoracic cavity usually from penetrating wound.

69
Q

pleuritis.

A

-Inflammation of the lining of the pleural cavity, usually with pneumonia which leads to pleuritis.

70
Q

Embolic pneumonia

A

-occurs with embolism material entering the lungs. Randomly scattered areas of inflammation in the lung.
-causes anything that embolizes ex liver embolism in cattle.
-random pokadot pattern

71
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A

the inflammation is on the alveoli and the alveoli themselves fill with inflammatory cells. Terminal part of airway
-causes are bacterial infection,starts from viral infection gets secondary bacterial infection. Ex shipping fever in cattle.
-CRANIAL VENTRAL area of the lungs are red and inflamed, first airways which the bacteria and particles come in during inhalation.
-exception pig lungs, bacteria causes bronchopneumonia which attracts the dorsal surface of the lungs.

72
Q

Interstitial pneumonia

A

-: inflammation in wall of alveolar septum and they become wider.
-caused by viruses or toxins
-lungs are DIFFUSLY affected, lung fails to collapse, widened and thickened alveolar septa.
-when you palpate them they will be heavier and firmer and rubbery. Rib impressions
-causes toxoplasma gondii, canine herpes, IVR or BRD (cattle)

73
Q

Kennel cough

A

: bortatella bronchoceptica (causes a tracheaitis in dogs and atrophic rhinitis in pigs). Often associated with secondary viral infection.

74
Q

canine distemper

A

-Causes bronchointerstitial pneumonia, fail to collapse, heavy, wet, cranialventral protion may be heavy and wet.

75
Q

Canine herpes

A

-causes interstitial pneumonia, all lungs effected, heavy, wet, red. Rib impressions

76
Q

acute resp distress syndrome

A

-Massive acute damage to alveolar epithelium and leakage of high protein fluid.
-sepsis can also do this
Lungs heavy wet, red

77
Q

blastomyces

A

-One of the most common pneumonias in dogs when they die.
-associated with yeast (blastomyces dermatitidis)
-southern sk, MB. Seen in young hunting dogs or farm dogs, ihale it and get granulatamous phemonia. Diffuse white nodualr masses effecting both lungs.
Always chronic- no hyperemia

78
Q

Bronchitis/asmtha in cats

A

-chronic=bronchitis, intermediate its asthma
-Lots of esonophils, resp difficulty due to hypoersensitivity.
Swelling in walls of airways and hypersecretion of mucus which impairs resp function.
Bronchopnemonia not common in cats.

79
Q

aleurostrongluses abstrusus (lungworm)

A

Distinctive Multifolcal lesions
-multifocal dark, red, soft nodules more common on dorsal side.
-seen in outside cats which are hunters
-pattern isnt typical for bacterial or viral
Differential: hemangiosarcoma causing these red soft nodules.

80
Q

Cats with pulmonary tumors

A

-clinical signs, develop sores on their feet from lung digit syndrome so primary lung tumor with metastasis to the digits. Doesn’t happen in dogs, poor prognosis.

81
Q

mycoplasma bovis

A

-Chronic respiratory disease: mycoplasma bovis leads to abscesses, sequestrums. In animals which survive disease. In bison you see large areas of damage could be whole lung.

81
Q

Heaves in horses

A

-horses in dirty environment exposed to more particles can develop heave lines. Inflammation of bronchioles and hypertrophy of the smooth muscle and metaplaisa of golbet cells where one cell type replaces another. Goblet cells secrete mucus.

82
Q

Rhondococcus equi

A

-bacterial infection that causes abscess formation. Bronchopnemonia with multiple abscesses.

83
Q

shipping fever

A

: some kind of stress leads to immune suppression then viral infection and impaired defenses which can lead to bacterial bronchopneumonia.
See changes in cranial portion of lung. Pasteurella bacteria could cause.

84
Q

Consolidated lung bronchopneumonia and atelectasis difference

A

atelectasis has compression or sunken where bronchopneumonia does not.

85
Q

3-methylindole toxicity (fog fever)

A

-animals moved onto lush pasture can also cause interstitial pneumonia. Large amounts of tryptifan which is converted to a toxin which damaged type I pneumocytes the flat cells which causes cell death. Edema and emphysema

86
Q

mycobacterium bovis

A

-Bovine TB caused by: mycobacterium bovis. Granuloma formations in lungs and lymph nodes.

87
Q

Lentivirus goats and sheep

A

-slow growing viruses. Interstitial pneumonia, heavy wet, fail to collapse.
Goats young animals, sheep older animals.

88
Q

swine influenzas

A

-viral disease
-Lung is rubbery, and may see redness in cranial ventral portion which is atelectasis and collapsed. red and pale patches.

89
Q

Porcine circovirus, PRRS

A

-can cause interstitial pneumonias in pigs. see it as cause of aborptions in pigs. dorsal protion of lungs are lesions

sys path (6 decks)

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