female reproductive Flashcards
Genitalia
= the organs concerned with reproduction
* External genitalia = vulva
Uterine tube
- salpinges – salpinx
- salpingitis
uterus
- hyster(o) or metr
- hysterectomy
- pyometra
ovaries
- oophoritis = ovariitis
Chromosomes
- Males are XY
- Females are XX
- Y chromosome contains SRY gene
- SRY gene determines ‘maleness’
disorders of sexual development def and type
congenital abnormalities of (1,2,3) where they are atypical
1. chromosomal sex
2. gonadal sex
3. phenotypic sex
Disorders of Sexual Developmental involving chromosomal sex
- Chimera – cells from different zygotes in
same organism - Mosaic – genetically different cells derived
from same zygote in same organism - Freemartin: chimerism in cattle
- twin fetuses of different sex
Freemartin
-2 + sets of cells/chromosomes in same animals
* twin fetuses of different sex
* placental vascular anastomosis
* mixing of hematopoietic cells
* expression of Y chromosome within female fetus
* inhibits development of ovaries J genitalia
freemartin morph
-Vulva and vagina - prominent clitoris, tuft of hair near vulva is common.
-bulbourethral and vesicular glands
-testes with epididymides
-incomplete uterus
-hypoplastic uterine horns or gonads.
DSD involving gonadal sex gonadal dysgenesis
- Chromosomal females XX with ambiguous phenotype
gonadal dysgenesis: rudimentary gonads - mixed gonadal tissues
- ovotestis (one ovary and one teste)
- hermaphrodites
- abnormal tubular genitalia
-intersex
DSD involving phenotypic sex
- chromosomal - gonadal concordance
- genitalia -> male-female ambiguity (intersex)
- testes and ambiguous genitalia are termed
male pseudohermaphrodites - ovaries and ambiguous genitalia are termed female pseudohermaphrodites
-usually XY with 1 type of gonadal tissue.
developmental abnormalities of ovaries
- Aplasia
*both -> infantile genitalia - Hypoplasia
* infantile genitalia - Duplication
*rare cause of ovarian remnant syndrome - Ovarian and paraovarian cysts
* variable clinical significance
-inflammation: rare
neoplasia of ovaries (rare)
- Germ cell neoplasms (give rise to gametes)
- Sex cord-stromal cell neoplasms (granulosa or thecal cell- CT cells) MOST COMMON
- Surface epithelial neoplasms
Sex cord – stromal cell neoplasms
-ovary neoplasia most common in horses
* granulosa cell tumor, granulosa-theca cell
tumor, thecomas, luteomas
* potential to produce hormones
* abnormal sexual behavior
uterine tube problems
- Important lesions are those that cause obstruction
- segmental aplasia
- inflammation (salpingitis)
- fibrosis (scarring)
- May lead to hydrosalpinx (thick, cannot pass egg, enlarged and filled with fluid)
-inflammation of uterus (ascending infection)
uterus and cervix terminology
A. Developmental abnormalities
* Double external cervical os
B. Inflammation Terminology
a. Endometritis: only internal mucus membrane layer
b. Metritis: deeper
c. Pyometra (full uterus full of pus)
Inflammation of the uterus
- Most due to microorganisms
- Ascending: breeding and parturition, begin as endometritis
- Hematogenous: during pregnancy
infections of the uterus cleared better when?
-Infections of the uterus are more easily cleared during estrus (estrogen)
* open cervix (drainage)
* more neutrophils
* better neutrophil function
-uterus is most susceptible to infection during diestrus & pregnancy, closed cervix (progesterone), fewer neutrophils.
torsion of uterus and cervix
- most common when enlarged by
pregnancy, mucometra, pyometra - circulatory compromise leads to–>
- edema, congestion, hemorrhage
- death of fetus(es)
- necrosis and rupture
-noninflammatory lesion
-twisting upon its longitudinal axis.
Uterus and Cervix prolapse
- ungulate farm animals > others
- following parturition
- large uterus and open cervix
- especially if complicated
- dystocia
- assisted delivery
- retained placenta
Uterus and Cervix Subinvolution of placental sites (SIPS)
- in dogs / bitch ONLY zonary placenta.
- failure of normal involution
- persistence of trophoblasts
- trophoblasts found deep in uterus
- cause unknown
-can cause peritonitis
-clinical: births then spots blood for past 2-6 weeks.
Uterus and Cervix Endometrial hyperplasia
- increase gland size dt hypertrophy & hyperplasia
- in most species due to hyperestrogenism
- endogenous (estrogen secreting tumors)
- exongenous (plants or microtoxins which are estrogen like)
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
- in dogs ONLY
- estrogens induce hyperplasia
- progesterone intensifies the hyperplasia
- if a source of irritation, inflammation
then hyperplasia mimics pregnancy and this fluid can lead to bacterial growth and pyometra. - CYSTIC CHANGE
-cysts are fluid filled glands.
neoplasia of uterus and cervix (not common)
- Carcinoma in cows at slaughter–> metatsisis to lungs
- Leiomyoma (fibroids) of the bitch or pollup
- Lymphosarcoma in cows with
enzootic bovine leukosis (virus in older cattle)
hydrometra and mucometra
-accumulation of fluid or mucus
-obstruction of normal outflow or secretion while the cervix is closed
vulva and vagina lesions
- usually Trauma associated with breeding and parturition
- Genital herpesvirus: erosive and ulcerative vulvitis and vaginitis
-vaginal polyps: degernative change
-squamous cell carcinoma of vulva from sunlight in farm animals.
-malignant melanoma: grey mares
canine TVT
-transmissible venereal tumors
-sexually transmitted
-south and tropica environments
-metastisis is rare
-cauliflower proliferative mass on dog penis, vulva, can lead to masses in gingiva or conguntiva.
reproductive failure terminology
- Abortion
- expulsion of a fetus before term
- Stillbirth
- expulsion of a dead fetus at term
- Fetal mummification
- retention & dehydration of dead fetus
- Fetal maceration
- retention & softening of dead fetus
maintenance of pregnancy
Requires progesterone
* Promotes endometrial secretions
* Suppresses myometrial activity
1. Sources:
* corpora lutea (CL)
* fetoplacental unit
CL making progesterone in diff species
-bitch/ queen: CL whole preg, happens independent of preg, fetuses retained.
-sow/ doe: CL whole preg, dead fetuses retained or aborted.
-ewe & mare: CL until mid gestation, then fetoplacental unit is source.
-cow: CL past mid gestatation, after mid fetoplacental unit is source. fetal death in last trimester results in abortion.
abortion pathology
-fetal stress leads to
decreases progesterone so you have high estrogen which leads to relaxation of uterus, separation of ligaments and contractions which lead to abortion.
-same process as pregnancy but fetal stress happens early
-or fetal death: make prostaglandins which can lead to changing progesterone: estrogen ratio.
abortion diagnosis is low causes
-50% diagnostic rate
-due to illness in 1/3 compartments (cow, fetus, placenta). we only get fetus
-labs are better for bacterial disease( 90% involve infectious agent) not congenital.
-autolysis, freeze thawing, heat, contamination.
infectious causes of abortion cats
i. Bacteria
* Environmental and commensal bacteria enter
during breeding
ii. Viruses
* Several
* Feline panleukopenia virus (feline parvovirus) can cause cerebellar hypoplasia in kittens infected in utero.
iii. Protozoa
* Toxoplasma gondii
Infectious causes of abortion dogs
i. Bacteria
* Brucella canis or other Brucella sp.
ii. Viruses
* Canine herpesvirus: leads to lesions of hemmorage in lungs and kidneys in puppies of first parity bitches.
Infectious causes of abortion
Pigs bacterial
Bacteria:
* Environmental & commensal bacteria – sporadic disease
* Pathogenic bacteria may be indicators of a herd problem
* Brucella suis
* Leptospira sp
-samonella, actinobacillus.
infectious causes of abortion
Pigs viruses
Viruses
* Most common / important cause of abortion
* PRRS – Arterivirus
* Porcine herpesvirus-1 (causes millit like necrosis in liver)
(a.k.a. psuedorabies)
* Porcine circovirus
-lead to SMEDI still births, stair step litters from mummification.
different stages of pregnancy leads to what kind of fetal death in pigs
-1-30 days: emryonic death and resorption
-30-70 d: fetal death and mummification (stair step)
->70 d: fetus mounts immune response
. Infectious causes of abortion
d. Sheep and Goats bacteria
i. Bacteria
* Sporadic infections by various bacteria
* Brucella sp. or Leptospira sp. are
important causes of herd problems
* zoonotic
* Chlamydophila abortus: most common cause of abortion
* enzootic abortion
* hematogenous spread
* necrotic placentitis
* zoonotic
* Coxiella burnetti
* hematogenous spread
* necrotic placentitis
* zoonotic
- Infectious causes of abortion
d. Sheep and Goats
i. Bacteria
* Campylobacter fetus
- outbreaks or abortion storms
- necrotic placentitis
- characteristic lesions in the liver, necrosis around BV from hematogenous necrosis spread
- zoonotic
- Infectious causes of abortion
d. Sheep and Goats
iii. Protozoa
- Toxoplasma gondii
- necrosis, calcification & mild
inflammation of cotyledons NOT COTYLEDONARY SPACE - zoonotic
Infectious causes of abortion
d. Sheep and Goats
ii. Viruses
* Border disease
- Pestivirus
- necrotic placentitis
- ‘hairy shakers
-born with thick coats
final exam * Abortion in Cattle
-normal 3-4% abortion
-normal 4-6% deliver a stillborn which die of asphyxia.
Adventitial placentation
- Placentation that appears in an abnormal or
unusual place (extra placentation) - Compensates for inadequate placentation
- Primitive villus placentation
- May be an indicator insufficient placentation
and abnormal pregnancy
-not a lesion but a compensation: glandular tissue between caruncles to provide extra placentation due. doesn’t cause abortion.
causes of abortion cattle
bacterial
-10-20% of all abortions
-brucella abortus, leptospira sp
viral: BVD virus (pestivirus)
-herpes virus-1
fungi
protozoa:
-neospora cancium foci necrosis of brain heart, abortion.
causes of abortion horses
-bacteria :
-ascending through cervix infections from bacteria (streptococcus zooepidemicus most common, Ecoli, setreptococcus equisimillis)
-leptospira only one spread (hematogenously***) will have placentitis and lesions in fetus hemmorage, pale lesions in kidneys and skin.
virus: equine herpesvirus 1, equine infectious anemia, equine viral arteritis
fungal: aspergillus
noninfectious most common*: genetic defects, twins (placental insuffienciency), maternal illness, malnutrition, toxins
bacterial causes of abortion cattle
-around 15-20% of abortions
-most oppertunisic causing sporadic abortion.
-brucella abortus (not in cad)
-camplobactor fetus sub venerialis (abortion storm)
-listeria monocytogenes (silage)
-lepetospira
Infectious causes of abortion
viruses
- IBR virus
- bovine herpesvirus-1
- ‘outbreaks’ or ‘abortion
storms’ in unvaccinated herds
-pestivirus BVD virus:
* between 45 and 125 days o intrauterine growth retardation
-60-120 days PI calves
* between 80 and 150 days o CNS, ocular, and other malformations
* first trimester (<95 days) o infertility, embryonic death, fetal resorption,
mummification, and abortion
Infectious causes of abortion
e. Cattle
iii. Fungi
- Saprophytes: 1% to 10% of cattle abortions
- placentitis most consistent lesion
Infectious causes of abortion
e. Cattle
iv. Protozoa
-neospora
-infection more common than abortion
* foci of necrosis in brain > heart > other
The diagnosis of abortion and stillbirth different tests
Necropsy
Impression smears
Histopathology
Bacterial culture
Virus isolation
Fluorescent antibody test
Immunohistochemistry
Polymerase chain reaction
Serology (fetus, dam and herd)
