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Path Exam 3 Shuffled > Male Genital System > Flashcards

Male Genital System Flashcards

1
Q

which drugs are associated risk factors for the condition in the image?

A

analgesic abuse (phenacetin)

cyclophosphamide

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2
Q

the condition seen in the image spreads via ____

A

the condition seen in the image spreads via lymph

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3
Q

which fungus can cause cystitis?

A

Candida

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4
Q

describe the image

A
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5
Q

which parasite can cause cystitis?

A

S. hematobium

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6
Q

the condition seen in the image is associated with mutations in ___, ___ and ___ genes

A

urothelial carcinoma is associated with mutations in p53, Rb and p16 genes

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7
Q

infection with ___ is a risk factor for the ____ type of the condition seen in the image

A

infection with Schistosomiasis is a risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder (NOT urothelial)

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8
Q

list causes of post-testicular male infertility

A

blood/lymph obstruction, infections, immotile cilia syndrome (Kartgener’s)

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9
Q

since the condition in the image is partly choriocarcinoma, there would be an increase in ____ which is secreted by _____

A

since the condition in the image is partly choriocarcinoma, there would be an increase in B-hCG = “male pregnancy” (secreted by syncytiotrophoblasts)

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10
Q

in the condition seen in the image;

____ is normal (but still infertile b/c no ___ cells)

___ is low and ____ is high

A

LH and testosterone are normal (but still infertile b/c no Sertoli cells)

inhibin is low and FSH is high

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11
Q

spermatocele is ____

A

spermatocele is dilatation of epididymis with semen

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12
Q

list 2 potential treatments for the condition seen in the image

A
  • TURP = transurethral resection
  • 5-alpha reductase inhibitors
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13
Q

the etiology of epididymo-orchitis in children is ____

A

the etiology of epididymo -orchitis in children is G-ve bacilli

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14
Q

describe a complication of the condition seen in the image

A

skin is breached → secondary bacterial infxn (S. aureus) → epididymo-orchitis

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15
Q

list the testicular tumors associated with ages:

infant/children

15-30

30-50

>60 yrs

A

infant/children = teratomas & yolk sac

15-30 = mixed germ cell tumor

30-50 = seminoma

>60 yrs = lymphomas

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16
Q

describe the histology of the condition seen in the image

A

malignant squamous cells with keratin pearls

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17
Q

since the condition in the image is partly seminoma, there would be an increase in ____

A

since the condition in the image is partly seminoma, there would be an increase in LDH

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18
Q

list predisposing factors for cystitis

A
  • more common in female (short urethra)
  • diabetes mellitus
  • instrumentation
    • catheter, cystoscopy
  • bladder calculi
  • bladder outlet obstruction
    • male = BPH
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19
Q

____ is the most common cancer in men and 2nd most common cancer related cause of death in men >50 yrs

A

prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and 2nd most common cancer-related cause of death in men >50 yrs

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20
Q

the etiology of epididymo-orchitis in males >35 years is ____

A

the etiology of epididymo -orchitis in males >35 years is:

UTI, caused by E. coli or Pseudomonas

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21
Q

describe the findings of a DRE in prostatitis

A

enlarged, tender prostate

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22
Q

on DRE of the condition seen in the image, what is seen?

A

uniformly enlarged, NOT nodular

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23
Q

the histology of the condition seen in the image is hyperplasia of ___ and ___ (torturous, dilated/distended)

with 2 layers: inner ___ and outer ____

A

the histology of the condition seen in the image is hyperplasia of stroma and glands (torturous, dilated/distended)

with 2 layers: inner columnar and outer flattened basal cells

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24
Q

list the signs and symptoms of the condition seen in the image

A
  • urethral compression:
    • difficulty starting & stopping urination
    • frequency/dribbling
    • nocturia. dysuria
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25
Q

describe DRE findings in the condition seen in the image

this is compared to BPH, where the prostate is ___

A

prostate is hard, nordular & irregularly enlarged

this is compared to BPH, where the prostate is uniformly enlarged and NOT nodular

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26
Q

list the risk factors for the condition seen in the image

A
  • AGE (>65)
  • African Americans
  • high fat diet
  • HPC1 gene
  • RNASEL gene
  • family history
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27
Q

list conditions where PSA is high

A
  • cancer
  • BPH
  • prostatitis, infarction
  • ejaculation
  • extensive exercise
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28
Q

which chemicals are associated risk factors for the condition in the image?

A

naphthylamine

rubber products

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29
Q

____ is the most important predisposing factor for the condition seen in the image

A

testosterone is the most important predisposing factor for the condition seen in the image

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30
Q

urethral opening on the ventral surface of penis = ___

urethral opening on the dorsal surface of penis = ___

A

urethral opening on the ventral surface of penis = hypospadias

urethral opening on the dorsal surface of penis = epispadias

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31
Q

the condition seen in the image is well circumscribed with no ___ & ___ and is therefore painless

A

the condition seen in the image is well circumscribed with no hemorrhage & necrosis and is therefore painless

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32
Q

describe what is seen on biopsy of the condition associated with the image

____ cells → ____ cells with atypia and NO ____ cells

A

biopsy: malignant glands back to back with little stroma

lined by SINGLE layer of cuboidal epithelial cells w/ atypia

columnar cells → cuboidal cells with atypia and NO flattened basal cells

33
Q

the etiology of the condition seen in the image is ____

A

the etiology of the condition seen in the image is HPV 16 & 18

integrates into host chromosome → E6 and E7 inactivate p53 and Rb (respectively)

34
Q

describe paraphimosis

A

when a phimotic prepuce is forcibly retracted over the glans penis, causing marked constriction and swelling

painful, urethral constrictions, UTIs

35
Q

in the histology of the condition seen in the image, there is atrophied ____ due to increased ____ which ultimately affects the ____ causing NO ____

A

in the histology of the condition seen in the image, there is atrophied seminiferous tubules due to increased temperature outside of scrotum which ultimately affects the Sertoli cells causing NO spermatogenesis

36
Q

describe the etiology of the condition seen in the image

A

testosterone → DHT by 5-alpha reductase (found in stromal cells) causes hyperplasia of stroma & glands

affects central/periurethral & transitional zones

37
Q

list the penile carcinoma in-situ

all are due to ____

A

all are due to HPV infection

38
Q

since the condition in the image is partly yolk sac, there would be an increase in ____ bodies, as well as in increase in serum ___

A

since the condition in the image is partly yolk sac, there would be an increase in Schiller-Duval bodies (primitive glomeruli) as well as an increase in serum AFP, A1AT

39
Q

name clinical features of cystitis

A
  • urinary frequency
  • dysuria = pain or burning micturition
  • pain over bladder/suprapubic
  • fever and chills
  • microhematuria
40
Q

the greatest risk factor for the condition seen in the image is ___

A

the greatest risk factor for the condition seen in the image is SMOKING

41
Q

PSA is normally produced by _____

what is a normal PSA value?

A

PSA is normally produced by prostatic glandular epithelium

normal = <4 ng/mL

high = >10 ng/mL

42
Q

complications of the condition seen in the image are ___ and ___

A

complications of the condition seen in the image are infertility and increased risk of germ cell tumors

43
Q

the condition seen in the image is a solid, (unilateral or bilateral?) tumor with ____ and ____

A

the condition seen in the image is a solid, unilateral tumor with hemorrhage and necrosis

44
Q

the condition seen in the image affects ___ and ___ zones

it does NOT affect the ___ zone which is affected by ____ only

A

the condition seen in the image affects central/periurethral and transitional zones

it does NOT affect the peripheral zone which is affected by prostate cancer only

45
Q

the condition seen in the image affects the ___ zone and therefore presents late because it is further away from ____

A

the condition seen in the image affects the peripheral zone and therefore presents late because it is further away from the urethra

46
Q

describe what is seen in the image

A
47
Q

list causes of pre-testicular male infertility

A

hypopituitarism, estrogen excess

48
Q

list risk factors for the condition seen in the image

A
  • multiple sexual partners
  • smoking
  • smegma (dirty lubricating fluid in uncircumscribed males)
49
Q

in the papillary form of the condition in the image, it projects into ____ and causes ___ and therefore the patient presents earlier

A

in the papillary form of the condition in the image, it projects into the lumen of the bladder and causes obstructive symptoms and therefore the patient presents earlier

50
Q

a hydrocele is accumulation of fluid in ____

A

a hydrocele is accumulation of fluid in the tunica

51
Q

a vignette with an “Egyptian immigrant” who has the condition seen in the image. Diagnosis and etiology?

A

squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder caused by S. hematobium (parasite)

52
Q

describe what is seen on pathological exam in chronic interstitial cystitis

A
  • chronic inflammation
  • mast cells
53
Q

describe the presentation of the condition seen in the image

A
  • painless hematuria
  • dysuria
  • urgency & frequency
  • flank pain
54
Q

scrotal cancer is commonly seen in ____ and is associated with ____

A

scrotal cancer is commonly seen in chimney sweepers and is associated with coal tar

55
Q

describe clinical features of prostatitis

A
  • dysuria, frequency, urgency
  • low back/pelvic or genital pain
  • fever, chills and leukocytosis
  • loss of sex drive
  • painful erections/ejaculation
56
Q

list causes of testicular male infertility

A

agonadism, atrophy, germ cell aplasia, maturation arrest

57
Q

the most common location of the condition seen in the image is ____, ____, ____

A

the most common location of the condition seen in the image is upper scrotal, inguinal canal, abdominal

58
Q

hematocele is blood in the ___ caused by ____

A

hematocele is blood in the tunica vaginalis caused by trauma

59
Q

describe the composition of the condition seen in the image

A

seminiferous (seminoma) + non-seminiferous tubules (choriocarcinoma, embryonal, teratoma, yolk sac)

therefore, all 5 germ cells are seen

60
Q

phimosis is due to ____ or ____

A

phimosis is due to development anomalies or infection and scarring of the preputial ring

61
Q

the histology of the condition in the image would have a ____ appearance with sheets of ___ with __ and ____ infiltrate

A

the histology of the condition in the image would have a fried egg appearance with sheets of uniform cells with delicate septa and lymphocytic infiltrate

62
Q

describe treatments for the condition seen in the image

A
  • treatment:
    • excisional biopsy = allows for diagnosis and treatment
    • radiosensitive, so do radiotherapy
    • does NOT cause infertility
63
Q

describe the presentation of the condition seen in the image

A

50% asymptomatic

  • microscopic hematuria
  • lower back pain (due to osteoblastic lesions seen in late stage/metas.)
  • weight loss
  • urinary symptoms
    • dysuria
    • weak, interrupted urine flow
64
Q

the squamous cell type of the condition seen in the image is associated with ___ and ___

A

the squamous cell type of the condition seen in the image is associated mainly with S. hematobium and bladder stones

65
Q

an ____ is done to correct the condition in the image:

before 2 years old to reduce ___

before 5 years old to reduce ____

A

an orchiopexy is done to correct the condition in the image:

before 2 years old to reduce infertility

before 5 years old to reduce testicular cancer/germ cell tumors

66
Q

the flat type of the condition seen in the image is a ___ grade tumor that presents ___ and has a ____ prognosis because it ____

A

the flat type of the condition seen in the image is a high-grade tumor that presents late and has a poor prognosis because it invades the bladder wall

67
Q

which bacteria can cause cystitis?

A

E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter

68
Q

the condition seen in the image is described as failure of ____

A

the condition seen in the image is described as failure of a testis to descend completely into its normal position within the scrotum

69
Q

list risk factors for testicular tumors

A
  • cryptorchidism = biggest risk factor
  • isochromosome 12p
    • duplicate of the P arm
  • testicular dysgenesis (Klinfelter’s syndrome)
  • radiation
70
Q

the etiology of epididymo-orchitis in males <35 years is ____

A

the etiology of epididymo -orchitis in males <35 years is:

STD, caused by Gonorrhea or C. trachomatis

71
Q

the initial complication of the condition seen in the image is ___; what else can this cause?

A

the initial complication of the condition seen in the image is obstruction;

back up of urine → bilateral hydroureters/hydronephrosis→chronic renal failure→ increased serum calcium → recurrent kidney & bladder stones →infections and acute urinary retention

72
Q

a complication of the condition seen in the image is ____

A

a complication of the condition seen in the image is urethral stricture

73
Q

the condition associated with the image metastasizes to ___ via the ____ and can cause ___ pain

A

the condition seen in the image metastasizes to CNS via the venous plexus of Batson and can cause back pain

74
Q

what are iatrogenic causes of cystitis?

A

chemotherapy, radiation (hemorrhagic cystitis)

75
Q

___ is a tumor marker for the condition seen in the image with no increase in serum ___ or ____

A

LDH is a tumor marker for the condition seen in the image with no increase in serum HCG or AFP

76
Q

varicocele is ____

A

varicocele is dilatation of congested blood vessels in spermatic cord

77
Q

since the condition in the image is partly embryonal, ____ would be seen on histology

A

since the condition in the image is partly embryonal, small, round blue cells in a bizarre arrangement would be seen on histology

78
Q

the condition seen in the image spreads via ___, especially to which 2 nodes?

A

the condition seen in the image spreads via lymphatics, especially to the para-aortic and iliac lymph nodes

Path Exam 3 Shuffled (9 decks)

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