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Path Exam 3 Shuffled > Male Genital System > Flashcards

Male Genital System Flashcards

1
Q

which drugs are associated risk factors for the condition in the image?

A

analgesic abuse (phenacetin)

cyclophosphamide

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2
Q

the condition seen in the image spreads via ____

A

the condition seen in the image spreads via lymph

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3
Q

which fungus can cause cystitis?

A

Candida

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4
Q

describe the image

A
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5
Q

which parasite can cause cystitis?

A

S. hematobium

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6
Q

the condition seen in the image is associated with mutations in ___, ___ and ___ genes

A

urothelial carcinoma is associated with mutations in p53, Rb and p16 genes

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7
Q

infection with ___ is a risk factor for the ____ type of the condition seen in the image

A

infection with Schistosomiasis is a risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder (NOT urothelial)

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8
Q

list causes of post-testicular male infertility

A

blood/lymph obstruction, infections, immotile cilia syndrome (Kartgener’s)

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9
Q

since the condition in the image is partly choriocarcinoma, there would be an increase in ____ which is secreted by _____

A

since the condition in the image is partly choriocarcinoma, there would be an increase in B-hCG = “male pregnancy” (secreted by syncytiotrophoblasts)

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10
Q

in the condition seen in the image;

____ is normal (but still infertile b/c no ___ cells)

___ is low and ____ is high

A

LH and testosterone are normal (but still infertile b/c no Sertoli cells)

inhibin is low and FSH is high

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11
Q

spermatocele is ____

A

spermatocele is dilatation of epididymis with semen

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12
Q

list 2 potential treatments for the condition seen in the image

A
  • TURP = transurethral resection
  • 5-alpha reductase inhibitors
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13
Q

the etiology of epididymo-orchitis in children is ____

A

the etiology of epididymo -orchitis in children is G-ve bacilli

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14
Q

describe a complication of the condition seen in the image

A

skin is breached → secondary bacterial infxn (S. aureus) → epididymo-orchitis

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15
Q

list the testicular tumors associated with ages:

infant/children

15-30

30-50

>60 yrs

A

infant/children = teratomas & yolk sac

15-30 = mixed germ cell tumor

30-50 = seminoma

>60 yrs = lymphomas

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16
Q

describe the histology of the condition seen in the image

A

malignant squamous cells with keratin pearls

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17
Q

since the condition in the image is partly seminoma, there would be an increase in ____

A

since the condition in the image is partly seminoma, there would be an increase in LDH

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18
Q

list predisposing factors for cystitis

A
  • more common in female (short urethra)
  • diabetes mellitus
  • instrumentation
    • catheter, cystoscopy
  • bladder calculi
  • bladder outlet obstruction
    • male = BPH
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19
Q

____ is the most common cancer in men and 2nd most common cancer related cause of death in men >50 yrs

A

prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and 2nd most common cancer-related cause of death in men >50 yrs

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20
Q

the etiology of epididymo-orchitis in males >35 years is ____

A

the etiology of epididymo -orchitis in males >35 years is:

UTI, caused by E. coli or Pseudomonas

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21
Q

describe the findings of a DRE in prostatitis

A

enlarged, tender prostate

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22
Q

on DRE of the condition seen in the image, what is seen?

A

uniformly enlarged, NOT nodular

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23
Q

the histology of the condition seen in the image is hyperplasia of ___ and ___ (torturous, dilated/distended)

with 2 layers: inner ___ and outer ____

A

the histology of the condition seen in the image is hyperplasia of stroma and glands (torturous, dilated/distended)

with 2 layers: inner columnar and outer flattened basal cells

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24
Q

list the signs and symptoms of the condition seen in the image

A
  • urethral compression:
    • difficulty starting & stopping urination
    • frequency/dribbling
    • nocturia. dysuria
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25
describe DRE findings in the condition seen in the image this is compared to BPH, where the prostate is \_\_\_
**prostate is hard, nordular & irregularly enlarged** this is compared to BPH, where the prostate is **uniformly enlarged and NOT nodular**
26
list the risk factors for the condition seen in the image
* AGE (\>65) * African Americans * high fat diet * HPC1 gene * RNASEL gene * family history
27
list conditions where PSA is high
* cancer * BPH * prostatitis, infarction * ejaculation * extensive exercise
28
which chemicals are associated risk factors for the condition in the image?
naphthylamine rubber products
29
\_\_\_\_ is the most important predisposing factor for the condition seen in the image
**testosterone** is the most important predisposing factor for the condition seen in the image
30
urethral opening on the ventral surface of penis = \_\_\_ urethral opening on the dorsal surface of penis = \_\_\_
urethral opening on the ventral surface of penis = **hypospadias** urethral opening on the dorsal surface of penis = **epispadias**
31
the condition seen in the image is well circumscribed with no ___ & ___ and is therefore painless
the condition seen in the image is well circumscribed with no **hemorrhage** & **necrosis** and is therefore painless
32
describe what is seen on biopsy of the condition associated with the image \_\_\_\_ cells → ____ cells with atypia and NO ____ cells
biopsy: malignant glands back to back with little stroma lined by **SINGLE layer of cuboidal epithelial cells w/ atypia** **columnar** cells → **cuboidal** cells with atypia and NO **flattened basal** cells
33
the etiology of the condition seen in the image is \_\_\_\_
the etiology of the condition seen in the image is **HPV 16 & 18** ## Footnote **integrates into host chromosome → E6 and E7 inactivate p53 and Rb (respectively)**
34
describe paraphimosis
when a phimotic prepuce is forcibly retracted over the glans penis, causing marked constriction and swelling painful, urethral constrictions, UTIs
35
in the histology of the condition seen in the image, there is atrophied ____ due to increased ____ which ultimately affects the ____ causing NO \_\_\_\_
in the histology of the condition seen in the image, there is atrophied **seminiferous tubules** due to increased **temperature outside of scrotum** which ultimately affects the **Sertoli cells** causing NO **spermatogenesis**
36
describe the etiology of the condition seen in the image
**testosterone → DHT by 5-****alpha reductase (found in stromal cells)** causes hyperplasia of stroma & glands ## Footnote **affects central/periurethral & transitional zones**
37
list the penile carcinoma in-situ ## Footnote **all are due to \_\_\_\_**
**all are due to *HPV infection***
38
since the condition in the image is partly **yolk sac**, there would be an increase in ____ bodies, as well as in increase in serum \_\_\_
since the condition in the image is partly **yolk sac**, there would be an increase in **Schiller-Duval bodies (primitive glomeruli)** as well as an increase in serum **AFP, A1AT**
39
name clinical features of cystitis
* urinary frequency * dysuria = pain or burning micturition * pain over bladder/suprapubic * fever and chills * microhematuria
40
the greatest risk factor for the condition seen in the image is \_\_\_
the greatest risk factor for the condition seen in the image is **SMOKING**
41
PSA is normally produced by \_\_\_\_\_ what is a normal PSA value?
PSA is normally produced by **prostatic glandular epithelium** ## Footnote **normal = \<4 ng/mL** **high = \>10 ng/mL**
42
complications of the condition seen in the image are ___ and \_\_\_
complications of the condition seen in the image are **infertility** and **increased risk of germ cell tumors**
43
the condition seen in the image is a solid, (unilateral or bilateral?) tumor with ____ and \_\_\_\_
the condition seen in the image is a **solid**, **unilateral** tumor with **hemorrhage** and **necrosis**
44
the condition seen in the image affects ___ and ___ zones it does NOT affect the ___ zone which is affected by ____ only
the condition seen in the image affects **central/periurethral** and **transitional** zones it does NOT affect the **peripheral** zone which is affected by **prostate cancer** only
45
the condition seen in the image affects the ___ zone and therefore presents late because it is further away from \_\_\_\_
the condition seen in the image affects the **peripheral** zone and therefore presents late because it is further away from **the urethra**
46
describe what is seen in the image
47
list causes of pre-testicular male infertility
hypopituitarism, estrogen excess
48
list risk factors for the condition seen in the image
* multiple sexual partners * smoking * smegma (dirty lubricating fluid in uncircumscribed males)
49
in the papillary form of the condition in the image, it projects into ____ and causes ___ and therefore the patient presents earlier
in the papillary form of the condition in the image, it projects into **the lumen of the bladder** and causes **obstructive symptoms** and therefore the patient presents earlier
50
a hydrocele is accumulation of fluid in \_\_\_\_
a hydrocele is accumulation of fluid in **the tunica**
51
a vignette with an "Egyptian immigrant" who has the condition seen in the image. Diagnosis and etiology?
**squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder caused by S.** **hematobium** **(parasite)**
52
describe what is seen on pathological exam in chronic interstitial cystitis
* chronic inflammation * **mast cells**
53
describe the presentation of the condition seen in the image
* **painless hematuria** * dysuria * urgency & frequency * flank pain
54
scrotal cancer is commonly seen in ____ and is associated with \_\_\_\_
scrotal cancer is commonly seen in **chimney sweepers** and is associated with **coal tar**
55
describe clinical features of prostatitis
* dysuria, frequency, urgency * low back/pelvic or genital pain * fever, chills and leukocytosis * loss of sex drive * painful erections/ejaculation
56
list causes of testicular male infertility
agonadism, atrophy, germ cell aplasia, maturation arrest
57
the most common location of the condition seen in the image is \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_
the most common location of the condition seen in the image is **upper scrotal**, **inguinal canal**, **abdominal**
58
hematocele is blood in the ___ caused by \_\_\_\_
hematocele is blood in the **tunica vaginalis** caused by **trauma**
59
describe the composition of the condition seen in the image
**seminiferous** (seminoma) + **non-seminiferous tubules** (choriocarcinoma, embryonal, teratoma, yolk sac) therefore, all **5 germ cells are seen**
60
phimosis is due to ____ or \_\_\_\_
phimosis is due to **development anomalies** or **infection and scarring of the preputial ring**
61
the histology of the condition in the image would have a ____ appearance with sheets of ___ with __ and ____ infiltrate
the histology of the condition in the image would have a **fried egg** appearance with sheets of **uniform cells** with **delicate septa** and **lymphocytic** infiltrate
62
describe treatments for the condition seen in the image
* treatment: * excisional biopsy = allows for diagnosis and treatment * radiosensitive, so do radiotherapy * does NOT cause infertility
63
describe the presentation of the condition seen in the image
50% asymptomatic * microscopic hematuria * lower back pain (due to osteoblastic lesions seen in late stage/metas.) * weight loss * urinary symptoms * dysuria * weak, interrupted urine flow
64
the squamous cell type of the condition seen in the image is associated with ___ and \_\_\_
the squamous cell type of the condition seen in the image is associated **mainly with S. hematobium** and **bladder stones**
65
an ____ is done to correct the condition in the image: before 2 years old to reduce \_\_\_ before 5 years old to reduce \_\_\_\_
an **orchiopexy** is done to correct the condition in the image: before 2 years old to reduce **infertility** before 5 years old to reduce **testicular cancer/germ cell tumors**
66
the flat type of the condition seen in the image is a ___ grade tumor that presents ___ and has a ____ prognosis because it \_\_\_\_
the flat type of the condition seen in the image is a **high**-**grade** tumor that presents **late** and has a **poor** prognosis because it **invades the bladder wall**
67
which bacteria can cause cystitis?
E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter
68
the condition seen in the image is described as failure of \_\_\_\_
the condition seen in the image is described as failure of **a testis to descend completely into its normal position within the scrotum**
69
list risk factors for testicular tumors
* cryptorchidism = biggest risk factor * isochromosome 12p * duplicate of the P arm * testicular dysgenesis (Klinfelter's syndrome) * radiation
70
the etiology of epididymo-orchitis in males \<35 years is \_\_\_\_
the etiology of epididymo -orchitis in males \<35 years is: ## Footnote **STD, caused by Gonorrhea or C. trachomatis**
71
the initial complication of the condition seen in the image is \_\_\_; what else can this cause?
the initial complication of the condition seen in the image is **obstruction**; back up of urine → **bilateral** **hydroureters****/hydronephrosis**→**chronic renal failure**→ increased serum calcium → recurrent kidney & bladder stones →**infections and acute urinary retention**
72
a complication of the condition seen in the image is \_\_\_\_
a complication of the condition seen in the image is **urethral stricture**
73
the condition associated with the image metastasizes to ___ via the ____ and can cause ___ pain
the condition seen in the image metastasizes to **CNS** via the **venous plexus of Batson** and can cause **back** pain
74
what are iatrogenic causes of cystitis?
chemotherapy, radiation (hemorrhagic cystitis)
75
\_\_\_ is a tumor marker for the condition seen in the image with no increase in serum ___ or \_\_\_\_
**LDH** is a tumor marker for the condition seen in the image with no increase in serum **HCG** or **AFP**
76
varicocele is \_\_\_\_
varicocele is **dilatation of congested blood vessels in spermatic cord**
77
since the condition in the image is partly embryonal, ____ would be seen on histology
since the condition in the image is partly embryonal, **small, round blue cells in a bizarre arrangement** would be seen on histology
78
the condition seen in the image spreads via \_\_\_, especially to which 2 nodes?
the condition seen in the image spreads via **lymphatics**, especially to the **para-aortic** and **iliac lymph nodes**

Path Exam 3 Shuffled (9 decks)

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