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Path Exam 3 Shuffled > Female Genitourinary Tract > Flashcards

Female Genitourinary Tract Flashcards

1
Q

list histological changes seen in the atypia form of the condition in the image

A
  • nuclear enlargement
  • pleomorphism
  • vesicular change
  • chromatin irregularity
  • loss of polarity
  • prominent nucleoli
  • cellular stratification
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2
Q

____ and ____ makes the condition in the image grow bigger

A

estrogen and pregnancy (also estrogen) makes the condition in the image grow bigger

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3
Q

in the condition seen in the image, the more ___ the tumor is, the higher the grade

A

in type I endometrial carcinoma, the more solid the tumor is, the higher the grade

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4
Q

“periods regular but bleeding excessive and prolonged (10-14 days)”

which condition?

A

persistent luteal phase

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5
Q

the type II form of the condition seen in the image commonly occurs in which age group?

A

thin physiqued 65-75 year old females

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6
Q

name 3 scenarios where acute endometritis can occur

A
  1. postpartum (puerperal sepsis, strep/staph)
    • offensive smelling discharge
  2. ascending gonococcal/chlamydia infection from lower genital tract
  3. pyometrium = obstruction of os by neoplasm or fibrosis
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7
Q

chronic cervicitis can lead to the formation of ____

A

chronic cervicitis can lead to the formation of retention (Nabothian) cysts

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8
Q

list the causes of the type I form of the condition seen in the image

A

unopposed estrogen

  • obesity
  • diabetes
  • hypertension
  • nulliparous
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9
Q

describe placenta accreta

A

the chorionic villi implants directly into the myometrium (instead of the decidua)

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10
Q

list the causes of acute cervicitis

A
  • Gonococcal, Chlamydia, Candida, Trichomonas, Herpes
  • postpartum, post dilation and curettage
  • purulent vaginal discharge
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11
Q

____ makes the condition in the image become smaller

A

menopause makes the condition in the image become smaller

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12
Q

the precursor lesion to the condition seen in the image is ____

A

the precursor lesion to the condition seen in the image is endometrial hyperplasia WITH atypia

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13
Q

list predisposing factor for pre-eclampsia

A
  • primigravida, over 35 years age
  • multiple pregnancies
  • hydramnios
  • preexisting HTN
  • hydatiform mole
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14
Q

the effect of unopposed estrogen is persistent ____ leading to _____

A

the effect of unopposed estrogen is persistent proliferation leading to irregular bleeding, breakdown

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15
Q

____ and ____ are 2 neoplasms that can cause anovulatory cycles due to increased estrogen

A

granulosa cell tumor and adrenal cortical adenoma are 2 neoplasms that can cause anovulatory cycles due to increased estrogen

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16
Q

list the high-risk HPV strains

A

16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45

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17
Q

describe the histology of the condition seen in the image

A

koilocytes & epidermal thickening of stratum corneum (hyperkeratosis) and dermal mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate

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18
Q

list 4 risk factors for tubal pregnancy

A
  • chronic PID
  • endometriosis
  • IUD
  • prior surgery
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19
Q

“unliteral painful cystic lesion at lower vestibule adjacent to the vaginal canal”

which condition is this describing?

A
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20
Q

adenosarcoma resembles ____

A

adenosarcoma resembles phyllodes tumor in the breast

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21
Q

describe the 2 potential pathogenetic explanations of endometriosis

A
  • metastatic pathogenesis = retrograde menstruation
  • metaplasia of celomic epithelium
  • inflammatory cascade (PGs, estrogen)
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22
Q

describe the presentation of the condition seen in the image

A

post-coital bleeding, dyspareunia (painful sex) , leukorrhea

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23
Q

describe persistent luteal phase

A
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24
Q

describe the histology of the condition seen in the image

A

well-differentiated, ​whorling bundles of smooth muscle cells

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25
Q

in the MMMT type of the condition seen in the image, ___ and ___ have become malignant, which makes it a ___ tumor

A

in the MMMT type of the condition seen in the image, the epithelial and mesenchymal components have become malignant, which makes it a biphasic tumor

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26
Q

in the MMMT type of the condition seen in the image, the metastasis and behavior are defined by the ___ component

A

in the MMMT type of the condition seen in the image, the metastasis and behavior are defined by the epithelial component

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27
Q

___ is used to visualize the warts seen in the condition in the image

A

acetic acid is used to visualize the warts seen in the condition in the image

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28
Q

if the condition in the image becomes too big, it can undergo ___ and then ____

A

if the condition in the image becomes too big, it can undergo coagulative necrosis and then red degeneration/infarct (inflammation → pain, mediated by bradykinin)

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29
Q

exogenous progesterone effect leads to abundant ___, plump ___ and small ____ (caused by lack of ____)

A

exogenous progesterone effect leads to abundant stroma, plump cells and small glands (caused by lack of priming by estrogen)

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30
Q

in acute endometritis, the glands are “stuffed” with ____

A

in acute endometritis, the glands are “stuffed” with neutrophils (NOT in stroma, in the glands)

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31
Q

vaginal adenosis is ____ in the vaginal wall

A

vaginal adenosis is endocervical type glands in the vaginal wall

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32
Q

describe the patient population normally affected by leiomyosarcoma

A

older women (40-60), postmenopausal bleeding

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33
Q

list the genetic mutations seen in the type I form of the condition seen in the image

what other conditions are these mutations similar to?

A

PTEN, KRAS, MSI

endometrioid tumor = PTEN, KRAS, B-catenin, MSI

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34
Q

the condition in the image is caused by HPV strains ___ and ___

A

the condition in the image is caused by HPV strains 6 and 11

35
Q

sarcoma botryoides, aka ____, is described as “____” hanging in the vagina

A

sarcoma botryoides , aka embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, is described as “a bunch of grapes” hanging in the vagina

36
Q

describe the 2 types of vulvar carcinomas

A
37
Q

the condition seen in the image can grow big enough to press on the ___ and the ___

A

the condition seen in the image can grow big enough to press on the bladder (causing urgency/frequency) and the rectum (constipation)

38
Q

if endometriosis occurs near tubal tissues ___ can occur ultimately leading to ___

A

if endometriosis occurs near tubal tissues tubal scars can occur ultimately leading to infertility

39
Q

VIN, differentiated type, is NOT caused by ___, but rather a mutation in ___

A

VIN, differentiated type, is NOT caused by HPV, but rather a mutation in p53

40
Q

___ test can be used to test for highly mitotic areas (site of carcinoma) in the condition seen in the image

A

Schiller’s test can be used to test for highly mitotic areas (site of carcinoma) in the condition seen in the image

paint cervix with iodine & look for unstained pale patches

41
Q

describe vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), classic type

A
42
Q

the most common cause of anovulatory cycles is ____

A

the most common cause of anovulatory cycles is extremes of reproductive life​

43
Q

chronic endometritis is characterized by the presence of ___

A

chronic endometritis is characterized by the presence of plasma cells

44
Q

lichen sclerosis is ___, but there is a slightly increased risk for ____

A

lichen sclerosis is benign, but there is a slightly increased risk for squamous cell carcinoma

45
Q

endometrial polyps are associated with certain drugs such as ____

A

endometrial polyps are associated with certain drugs such as Tamoxifen

46
Q

list the low-risk HPV strains

A

6, 11, 40, 54

47
Q

in inadequate luteal phase, there is decreased function of ____, leading to decreased levels of ____

A

in inadequate luteal phase, there is decreased function of the corpus luteum, leading to decreased levels of progesterone

48
Q

the condition in the image can cause which 3 conditions due to mass effect?

A
  1. infertility if it impinges on tubes
  2. bladder → urinary freq./urgency
  3. rectum → constipation
49
Q

“multiple masses in uterus, no mitosis, no necrosis”

what is a consequence of this condition?

A

infertility

50
Q

there is inguinal lymphadenopathy in ___ carcinoma and ___ carcinoma

A

there is inguinal lymphadenopathy in squamous carcinoma and vulvar carcinoma

51
Q

pre-eclampsia is caused by ____ which leads to an imbalance in circulating ___ and ___ factors (such as ____)

A

pre-eclampsia is caused by placental ischemia which leads to an imbalance in circulating angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors (such as sFlt1, endoglin)

52
Q

the condition in the image results in (painful or painless?) ____ that undergo ___ change but are benign

A

the condition in the image results in painless genital warts that undergo koilocytic change (indicates presence of HPV) but are benign

53
Q

describe placenta previa

A

abnormal placental implantation; implants on lower os

54
Q

___ is the most common cause of death from the condition seen in the image

A

bilateral hydronephrosis (ureteral obstruction), pyelonephritis, uremia is the most common cause of death from the condition seen in the image

55
Q

name 5 scenarios where chronic endometritis can occur

A
  1. chronic PID
  2. postpartum/postabortion (retained products)
  3. IUCD
  4. TB
  5. chlamydia
56
Q

endometriosis can lead to fibrosis; name 4 condition that occur from this

A
  • infertility (tubes)
  • intestinal obstruction
  • risk of tubal pregnancy
  • urinary obstruction
57
Q

adenosarcoma has a benign ___ and a malignant ____

A

adenosarcoma has a benign epithelium and a malignant stroma

58
Q

vaginal adenosis in girls is caused by women who received ___ during pregnancy

A

vaginal adenosis in girls is caused by women who received diethyl stilbesterol (DES) during pregnancy

59
Q

describe the endometrium in the type II form of the condition seen in the image

A

endometrial atrophy

60
Q

the condition seen in the image causes ____ in women, leading to iron deficiency anemia

A

the condition seen in the image causes menorrhagia (heavy periods) in women, leading to iron deficiency anemia

61
Q

the condition seen in the image can be caused by a mutation in ____

A

endometrial hyperplasia can be caused by a mutation in PTEN (tumor suppressor gene)

62
Q

Gartner’s duct cyst are remnants of ____ that are located on ____

A

Gartner’s duct cyst are remnants of mesonephric/Wolfian ducts that are located on the anterolateral wall of the vagina

63
Q

the condition seen in the image is most common in ____ women

A

the condition seen in the image is most common in nulliparous women

64
Q

the condition seen in the image is caused by excess, unopposed ____ effect

A

endometrial hyperplasia is caused by excess, unopposed estrogen effect

65
Q

the condition seen in the image is (slow or fast?) growing benign tumor in the ____

A

the condition seen in the image is fast growing benign tumor in the myometrium

66
Q

a complication of preeclampsia is ___ due to ____

A

a complication of preeclampsia is DIC due to thromboplastic tissue factor and thromboxane released by ischemic placenta

67
Q

in lichen sclerosis, there is thinning of the ___ and fibrosis of the ___

A

in lichen sclerosis, there is thinning of the epidermis and fibrosis of the dermis

68
Q

describe abruptio placenta

A

premature separation of placenta

hemorrhage behind maternal bed of placenta

69
Q

list the 3 reasons tubal pregnancies are not viable

A
  • lack of space
  • poor vasculature
  • limited placental size
70
Q

type I of the condition seen in the image commonly occurs in which age group?

A

type I = obese 55-65 year old females

71
Q

list other causes of anovulatory cycles

A

unopposed estrogen

  • PCOD
  • estrogen producing neoplasms
    • granulosa cell tumor & adrenal cortical adenoma (of zona reticularis)
72
Q

vaginal adenosis may be caused by inhibition of ____

A

vaginal adenosis may be caused by inhibition of transformation of Mullerian epithelium into squamous epithelium

73
Q

describe the pathogenesis of preeclampsia

A
74
Q

the mutation commonly seen in the type II form of the condition seen in the image is ____

A

the mutation commonly seen in the type II form of the condition seen in the image is p53

75
Q

“hyperkeratosis”

“atrophic epidermis”

“loss of ridges”

“hyalinzed dermis”

“lichenoid inflammatory band”

____ (condition) affects the ____ and the cause is ____

A

“hyperkeratosis”

“atrophic epidermis”

“loss of ridges”

“hyalinized dermis”

“lichenoid inflammatory band”

lichen sclerosus affects the vulva and the cause is autoimmune

76
Q

describe the etiology of the condition seen in the image

A

cervical metaplasia (columnar → squamous at T-zone) = physiological due to decrease in pH (increased latic acid)

77
Q

____, aka embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, affects which age group in females?

A

sarcoma botryoides, aka embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, affects females < 5 years old

78
Q

endometrial tissue within the uterine wall is called ____

A

endometrial tissue within the uterine wall is called adenomyosis

79
Q

a common translocation in stromal sarcomas are t(___), with fusion of genes ___ and ___

A

a common translocation in stromal sarcomas are t(7:17), with fusion of genes JAZF1 and JJAZ1

80
Q

____ is the precursor lesion for the type II form of the condition seen in the image

A

endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma is the precursor lesion for the type II form of the condition seen in the image

81
Q

can leiomyoma become leiomyosarcoma?

A

NOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

82
Q

what conditions are associated with the condition seen in the image?

A
  • obesity
  • PCOD
  • menopause
  • estrogen-producing tumors like granulosa cell tumor
  • ERT
  • adrenal disorders
83
Q

___ is the most important predisposing factor for in the condition seen in the image

A

multiple sexual partners is the most important predisposing factor for in the condition seen in the image

84
Q

list the high-risk HPV strains that cause the condition in the image

A

HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45

Path Exam 3 Shuffled (9 decks)

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