Male and Female Reproductive Systems Flashcards
What is in seminal fluid?
- Fructose
- Citric acid
- Bicarbonate (neutralises acidic environment)
- Fibrinogen
- Fibrinolytic enzymes
Where is the spermatic cord formed?
At deep inguinal ring
What structure are in the spermatic cord?
- Testicular artery
- Pampiniform plexus (v)
- Autonomic & GF nerves
- Lymph vessels
- Vas deferens
What are the muscles in the penis?
- 2 x Corpora Cavernosa
- 1 x Corpora Spongiosum
In the penis what is due to the parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation?
- Erection due Parasympathetic stim
- Ejaculation due Sympathetic stim
- Point and Shoot
What is the retrial blood supply in the testes?
•Testicular arteries from the aorta via the spermatic cord
Where is the sympathetic drainage for the testes?
•Para-aortic lymph nodes
Where are the ovaries?
inside peritoneal cavity (remainder outside)
Where does fertilisation occur in the female reproductive tract?
-Ampulla
What do the Fallopian tubes have?
cilia and spiral muscle
What is the uterus supported by?
tone of pelvic floor (levator ani & coccygeus) and ligaments (broad, round, uterosacral)
What part of the female reproductive tract is sterile?
•All areas superior to cervix are sterile (shedding, thick mucus, narrow os, pH<4.5)
What is 1cm lateral to the cervix?
The ureter
Where does the endometrium shed?
at menses due to vasoconstriction of arterioles
What is the arterial blood supply for the ovaries and vagina?
- Ovaries: Ovarian arteries (from aorta)
* Uterus/Vagina: Uterine arteries (from internal iliac a)
What is the lymphatic pairing for the ovaries and vagina?
- Ovaries -> Para-aortic LNs
* Uterus/Vagina -> Iliac, sacral, aortic and inguinal LNs
What are the male germ cells like?
Gametogenesis begins at puberty
- Spermatogonia undergo differentiation and self-renewal -> pool available for subsequent spermatogenic cycles throughout life (continuous fertility)
- Produce ~1,500 mature sperm/second
What are the female germ cells like?
BEFORE BIRTH
-Multiplication of Oogonia to ~ 6 million/ovary
-Form 10 Oocytes within ovarian follicles (= primordial follicle)
-These begin meiosis (halted in prophase)
-Some primordial follicles degenerate (atresia).
-At birth ~2 million/ovary remain
PUBERTY
-By puberty <0.5 million/ovary remain (due further atresia
Describe Spermatogenesis
Diploid 1. Spermatogonium 44XY 2. Mitosis 3. Spermatocytes 44XY 4. 1st Meiotic division Haploid: 5. spermatocytes (22X or 22Y) 6. 2nd meiotic division 7. Spermatids (22X or 22Y) 8. Differentation 9. Spermatozoa
Where are Sertoli cells located?
- Within seminiferous tubules
* FSH receptors
What is the function of Sertoli cells?
•Support developing germ cells
•Assist movement of germ cells to tubular lumen
•Transfer nutrients from capillaries to developing germ cells
•Phagocytosis of damaged germ cells
-Homrone synthesis
What hormones are secreted by Sertoli cells?
- Inhibin & Activin (-ve or +ve on FSH)
- Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)
- Androgen-Binding Protein (ABP)
Where are Leydig cells?
- Between seminiferous tubules
- Pale cytoplasm as cholesterol-rich
- LH receptors
What is the function of Leydig cells?
•Hormone synthesis •On LH stimulation, secrete androgens: •Testosterone (oestrogens) •Androstenedione •Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (can be aromatised to oestrogens)
Describe the process of oogenesis
Diploid: 1. Oogonium (44XX) 2. Oocytes (44X 3. 1st mitotic division Haploid 4. Oocytes (22X) 5. 2nd meiotic divino 6. Ootids (22X) 7. Differentiation 8. Ova (22X)
What happens in the second trimester of pregnancy?
All oogonia develop in 1^0 (step 3) oocytes forming primordial follies
Describe the process of folliculogenesis
- Primordial follicle (10 Oocyte at birth)
- Primary (=Preantral) follicle
-10 Oocyte and layers of granulosa cells
and outer theca cells - Secondary (=Antral) follicle
-Fluid-filled cavity (antrum) develops
-FSH and LH receptors - Mature (=Graafian/Preovulatory) follicle
-Forms due to LH surge
-20 Oocyte formed - Ruptures surface of ovary
6-7. Corpus Luteum
-Progesterone & oestrogen (stim by LH)
-In pregnancy, progesterone & oestrogen production taken over by placenta
What are the reproductive hormones proceed in ovaries?
- Oestrgoens (oestradiol and oestrone, oestriol)
- Progestogens (progesterone)
- Androgens (Testosterone, androstenedione, DHEA but not DHEAs which is made in the adrenals)
- Relaxin
- Inhibin