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203: Theme 2: Reproductive system, fetal development, pregnancy and birth > Male and female reproductive endocrinology > Flashcards

Male and female reproductive endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Male sex hormones

A

Androgens

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2
Q

FSH on testes

A

Causes sperm production

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3
Q

Testosterone secretion stimulated by

A

LH

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4
Q

Effects of oestrogens on the foetus

A

No effects

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5
Q

Secretion of testosterone in the embryo effects

A

Development of male foetal anatomy

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6
Q

Default situation in embryology

A

Female anatomy

No hormones will result in female anatomy

Androgens causes male anatomy

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7
Q

If XY embryo cannot produce testosterone

A

He will be born with female internal and external anatomy

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8
Q

Effects of testosterone in puberty

A

Secretion increases

Increased aggression and libido

Enlargement of the larynx

Male pattern pubic hair

Maturation of genitalia

Muscle development

Sperm production

Bone growth

Acne

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9
Q

Hormones that cause the ovaries to secrete oestrogen and progesgterone

A

FSH

LH

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10
Q

Progesterone

A

Steroid

Only important in pregnancy

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11
Q

Progestogens

A

Synthetic hormones used in contraceptives

Progesterone like hormones

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12
Q

Negative feedback of oestrogen and progesterone

A

Progesterone suppresses LH secretion

Oestrogen suppresses FSH secretion

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13
Q

What hormone is every foetus exposed to?

A

Oestrogens

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14
Q

Oestrogen increase in puberty in females causes

A

Bone growth

Female psyche

Fair complexion

Breast development

Widening of the pelvis

Maturation of genitalia

Female pattern pubic hair

Subcutaneous fat deposition

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15
Q

Average length of menstrual cycle

A

28 days

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16
Q

Female foetus exposed to androgens

A

Loses pulsitility of GnRH

Becomes like a male

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17
Q

Menopause causes

A

Due to the stopped secretion of oestrogen

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18
Q

First day of the menstrual cycle

A

First day of bleeding

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19
Q

During menstruation

A

FSH starts to rise

Oestrogens start to rise

Oestrogens have negative feedback over FSH so start to dip

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20
Q

About day 12

A

Surge in LH secretion

Also a small surge in FSH (accidental)

Signal for LH surge requires 36 hours of elevated oestrodiol

21
Q

About day 15

A

LH surge caused progesterone and oestrodiol secretion

22
Q

Progesterone and oestrodiol rise

A

For about 7 days

Start to drop again by day 28

23
Q

Units of oestrodiol and progesterone

A

Oestrodiol up to 2 nmol/l

Progesterone up to 50 nmol/l

First half of cycle oestrodiol dominated

Second half of cycle progesterone dominated

24
Q

Actions of testosterone mid cycle in women

A

Acne

25
Q

FSH causes follicle to

A

Mature

Ovum moves to edge of follicle

26
Q

LH surge causes

A

Ovum to be expelled follicle

27
Q

Day of ovulation

A

14 days before the first day of menstruation

28
Q

Oestrodiol on the endometrium of the uterus

A

Causes it to thicken

More oestrodiol for longer, the endometrium would carry on thickening

29
Q

Progesterone on the endometrium of the uterus

A

Growth of the endometrium stops

Starts to secrete nutrients

Purpose of secretory phase to allow the ovum to grow

30
Q

Ovulation does not result in conception

A

After 7 days the secretion of oestrodiol and progesterone declines

Endometrium without stimulatory hormones

Collapses

31
Q

Any drop in progesterone

A

Triggers collapse of the endometrium

Even with small drop

32
Q

Drop in progesterone and blood vessels

A

Causes the blood vessels in the endometrium to constrict

Tissue deprived on blood supply so lack of oxygen and nutrients leads to atrophy

Causes bleeding as tissues are dying

33
Q

After constriction of blood vessels

A

After a few hours they suddenly dilate

Surrounding tissue is dead

Increased blood supply washing off dead cells (around day 26/27)

Blood clots on the top of the endometrium

34
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

Blood clot breaks down after a few days

Results in liquified clot

35
Q

Menstruation

A

Loss of liquified blood clot

36
Q

Anoxic cells and pain

A

Produce inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins

Cause uterine contraction- menstrual cramps

37
Q

Drugs that inhibit prostaglandin synthesis

A

NSAIDs
e.g. aspirin

Good at preventing period pain

38
Q

Effects of aspirin

A

Prevents period pain

Anticoagulant so could cause increase menstrual flow- NO EVIDENCE (theoretical risk)

39
Q

Function of cervix

A

Prevents bacteria from going from the vagina into the uterus

40
Q

Cervix under the influence of oestrogens

A

Massively dilates

At the time of ovulation

41
Q

Cervix under the influence of progesterones

A

Constricts

42
Q

Cervix under the influence of prostaglandins

A

Dilates

Allows menstrual flow

43
Q

Influence of oestrodiol on cervix

A

Makes mucus very running

Bacteria can’t get through but sperm can swim so they can

44
Q

Progesterone and mucus

A

Makes it thick and gooey

Sperm and bacteria cannot get through

45
Q

Progesterone and body temperature

A

Increase by about 0.5’C

The day it goes up is the day after ovulation

46
Q

Life expectancy of the ovum

A

36-48 hours

47
Q

Sperm life expectancy

A

Active life span of about 2 days

48
Q

Inhibin in females

A

Increases at the time of the LH surge

Used to measure reproductive health

Women with low day 3 inhibin concentration less likely to respond to IVF

203: Theme 2: Reproductive system, fetal development, pregnancy and birth (25 decks)

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