Male and Female Repro. Tract Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
What is Reproductive Physiology?
A
The study of reproduction in animals regardless of species
2
Q
History: 384-322 BC: _____ proposed that the fetus originates from menstrual blood.
A
Aristotle
3
Q
History:1562: ______ discovered the oviduct.
A
Fallopius
4
Q
History: 1573: _____ discovered the Corpus Luteum.
A
Coiter
5
Q
History: 1672: ____ discovered the antral follicle
A
de Graaf
6
Q
History: 1677: ____ discovered spermatozoa in semen with a microscope
A
Van Leeuwenhoek
7
Q
History: 1825: ____ proved that spermatozoa were the fertilizing agent
A
Pumas
8
Q
History: 1855 - present:
A
Beginning of modern reproduction understanding
9
Q
List the purposes of reproduction.
A
- Perpetuation of species (offspring)
- Provide food, fiber, milk (plants and animals)
- Genetic Improvement
10
Q
List the major structures of the Female Repro. Tract.
A
- Ovaries (female gonads)
- Oviducts
- Uterus
- Cervix
- Vagina
- External Genitalia
11
Q
True or False: The female repro tract is a series of interconnecting tubes.
A
True
12
Q
Define: Serosa
A
connective tissue
13
Q
Define: Muscularis
A
cellular smooth muscle and longitudinal smooth muscle tissue
14
Q
True or False: The Mucosa layer is the outermost layer of the repro tract and is the secretory layer of epithelium
A
False: its the inner most layer and is the secretory layer of epithelium
15
Q
List the primary functions of the Ovary.
A
- Produce hormones: estrogen, progesterone, inhibin
- Produced gametes (ova or oocytes)
16
Q
List the components of the Ovary.
A
- Cortex
- Medula
17
Q
What is the plural form of Corpus Luteum?
A
Corpora Lutea
18
Q
What does Corpus Luteum mean? (color)
A
Yellow Body
19
Q
What hormone does the CL make?
A
Progesterone
20
Q
What does Corpus Albicans mean? (color)
A
White Body
21
Q
What does Corpus Hemoragicum mean? (color)
A
Bloody Body
22
Q
Where is the site of ovulation in?
A
the corpus hemoragicum in the ovary
23
Q
True or False: Corpus Albicans Consist of two of the types of follicles.
A
False: its all three follicles
- primary
- secondary
- tertiary
24
Q
______ follicles are the most immature and smallest.
A
Primordial
25
Which follicle has a single layer of cells surrounding the oocyte?
Primary
26
Which follicle has two or more layers surrounding an oocyte?
Secondary
27
What makes a Tertiary follicle different from a Secondary follicle?
A tertiary follicle has 3 distinct layers of cells surrounding the oocyte.
- theca external
- theca internal
- granulosa cells
Also they have a region called the Antrum.
28
The Tertiary follicle Theca Internal layer primarily produces _____ and responds to __ through receptors.
Androgens, LH
29
Graulosa cells primarily make _____(hormone) and inhibin, along with follicular fluid.
Estrogen
30
What is an Antrum?
A fluid filled follicular cavity in the tertiary follicles in the ovary.
31
List the three sections of the Oviduct.
- Infundibulum
- Ampula
- Isthmus
32
List the functions of the Oviduct.
- Transport ova and spermatozoa
- Site of fertilization
- Transport embryo and spermatozoa
- Provide suitable environment for female egg, sperm, and early embryo
33
True or False: The Infundibulum's job is to catch the ovulated oocyte.
True
34
True or False: the Isthmus in the oviduct is the site of fertilization.
False: Ampula
35
The Ampula is greater than __ (fraction) of the oviduct.
1/2
36
What is the role of the Isthmus?
To connect ampula directly to the uterus
37
List the Uterus's primary functions.
- Environment for pre attatched embryo
- Play role in Leukocytes (PGF2alpha)
- Role in Parturition (Expulsion of fetus and placenta)
- Sperm transportation
- Provides maternal contribution of the placenta
38
What are the three types of uterus's?
- Duplex: 2 cervical canals
- Bicornuate: 2 uterine horns
- Simplex: single uterine body
39
Which animals have a Duplex Uterus?
Marsupials and rabbits
40
Which animals have a Simplex Uterus?
Primates / Humans
41
Which animals have a Bicornuate Uterus?
Mare, Cow, Bitch, Queen, and Sow
42
True or False: The uterus id composed of only myometrium.
False: It has Myometrium and Endometrium
43
What does Myometrium means and what are its primary functions?
Myo = Muscle
Metrium = Uterus
Its primary function is to contract, motility.
44
The Endometrium is separated into _______ and ________.
Mucosa and Submucosa
45
Mucosal epithelial cells and uterine glands often secrete several ________ molecules referred to as Histotroph.
Bioactive
46
What are the functions of a Histroph?
- Enhance sperm viability
- Enhance embryo attachment
- Important for fetal development and survival
- Important for embryo attachment
47
Define Caruncles:
Small raised areas on the endometrium (only found in ruminants and present in areas)
48
True or False: Caruncles have no glands present in the areas and give rise to a maternal placenta.
True
49
Where is Prostaglandin F2 alpha made and what does it target?
It is made in the endometrium of the uterus and targets the Corpus Luteum to cause Luteolysis.
50
What is Luteolysis?
Cell death
51
List the primary functions of the Cervix.
- Makes and secretes a lot of mucus
- Passageway for sperm
- Reservoir for sperm
- Passageway for fetus (lubrication is key)
- Prevent bacterial infections of uterus
52
Why does the cervix make so much mucus?
- Lubrication of the vagina
- Flush out foreign material
- During Pregnancy the mucus becomes thick glue like substance to glut the cervix shut
53
What is the Cervical Seal of Pregnancy?
The hardened mucus that holds the cervix shut temporarily to protect the fetus.
54
List the primary functions of the Vagina.
- Copulation organ
- Site for expulsion of urine
- Passive birth canal
55
List the primary functions of the Vulva.
- Passageway for fetus and urine
- Receive the penis during copulation
- Clitoral fossa: houses the clitoris (female homolog of the male glans penis (comes from the same tissue in development))
56
What are the primary products of the Male Repro. Tract?
- Fertile spermatozoa
- Hormones
- Other secretory products: (Epididymal fluid
Seminal plasma)
57
How much sperm is made per second by a male?
35,000 - 200,000 sperm/sec
58
How much sperm is made in one hour?
105 - 600 million sperm/hour
59
List the components of the Male Repro. Tract.
- Spermatic cord
- Scrotum
- Testis (singular testicle), Testes (plural)
- Epididymis
- Accessory glands
- Penis
60
List the components of the spermatic cord.
- Testicular vasculature
- Pamphiniform Plexus
- Lymphatics
- Nerves
- Ductus Deferens
- Cremaster Muscle
61
The Pampiniform Plexus consists of testicular _____ that wrap around a testicular artery.
Veins
62
What is Countercurrent Heat Exchange?
Heat exchange between arteries and veins in the testes.
63
List the functions of the Scrotum (sack).
- Protect and support the testes
| - Required fro temperature regulation
64
The skin, tunica dartos, scrotal facia, and the parietal tunic are all layers of the _____.
Scrotum
65
Why is the skin important for the Scrotum?
It has a lot of sweat glands and thermosensitive nerve endings.
66
True or False: The Tunica Dartos cannot have sustained contractions and relaxations.
False: it can
67
True or False: The Tunica Dartos experiences massive relaxation when it's hot.
True. The balls drop to keep cool
68
True or False: The Tunica Dartos experiences no degree of concentration in response to scrotal skin temperature changes.
False
Cold: contraction of balls towards the body
Hot: relaxes to move testes farther from body
69
True or False: The Testes are the copulatory organ in males.
False: The Testes are the primary repro. organ and the Penis is the copulatory organ.
70
List the functions of the Testes.
- Produces hormones
| - Make sperm (male gamete)
71
The Testes consist of ... (4
| structural things)
- Testicular Capsule (more connective tissue)
- Parenchyma (bulk tissue of the testes)
- Mediastinum (canal / plumbing for sperm to exit)
- Rete Tubules
72
What are the two layers of connective tissue in the Testicular Capsule?
1. Visceral Vaginal Tunic
| 2. Tunica Albuginea
73
List the 6 things that make up the Parenchyma.
- Seminiferous Tubules (sperm production)
- Leydig Cells
- Capillaries
- Nerves
- Lymphatics
- Connective Tissue
74
True or False: The Parenchyma is one whole compartment.
False: Tubular compartment and Interstitial compartment
75
The Tubular compartment of the Parenchyma consists of ...
- Seminiferous Tubules
| - Sertoli Cells
76
Define Seminiferous Tubules (ST).
Microscopic, highly convoluted loops in the tubular compartment of the parenchyma
77
The Basal compartment of the ST is closer to the ________ membrane and is a layer of Germinal Epithelium.
Basement
78
Define Sertoli Cells.
Natural sperm production (encompassing sperm through all processes)
79
List the products of Sertoli Cells.
- Androgen binding protein (ABP)
- Inhibin (suppresses FSH release / activity)
- Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)
- Rete testis fluid
- Sulfated glycoproteins
- Transferrin
80
True or False: Sertoli cells can be found within the Interstitial compartment of the Parenchyma.
False: found in the Tubular compartment
81
True or False: The Parenchyma is located in the Testes.
True
82
What is the Blood Testis Barrier and how is it formed?
It is the formation of tight junctions between the sertoli cells and peritubular cells surrounding the seminiferous tubules that prevent autoimmune reactions.
83
Define Excurrent Duct System.
The delivery of sperm from the seminiferous tubules into the epididymus.
84
True or False: The Interstitial Component of the Parenchyma contains Leydig cells that make testosterone and androgens.
True
85
List the three distinct regions of the Epididymis.
1. Caput (head)
2. Corpus (body)
3. Cauda (tail)
86
What is the length of an unwinded bull and boar Epididymis?
Bull: 102 ft (34 meters)
Boar: 162 ft (54 meters)
87
List the functions of the Epididymis.
- Environment for maturation
- Concentration (move sperm / unit vol.)
- Storage Reservoir (cauda): Cauda houses fertile sperm
88
What two thing make up sperm?
Semen and Seminal Fluid
89
What are the two major sources of seminal plazma?
The Epididymis and the Accessory sex glands
90
List the four accessory sex glands the aid in the production of seminal fluid.
- Ampula: enlarged area of ductus deferens
- Vesicular glands: paired glands
- Prostate gland: one gland
- Bulbourethral glands:
91
What is the main source of energy for sperm?
Fructose
92
What three parts make up the Penis?
- Base
- Shaft
- Glans Penis:
93
Define Glans Penis.
Area of the penis that has a lot of sensory neurons and stimulates clitoris
94
Stimulation of glans penis is the primary factor of causing _________.
Ejaculation
95
A boar, bull, and ram all have the _______ penis.
Fibroelastic
96
Name the two sections of a Fibroelastic Penis.
1. Corpus spongiosum (surrounds urethra)
| 2. Corpus cavernosum (majority of penile interior)
97
True or False: A Retractor penis does not need to have a Sigmoid Flexure.
False: It has to have it for relaxation and contraction
98
Erection is a combination of...
relaxation of the retractor penis and the ruching of blood into the corpus sponciosum and corpus cavernosum.
99
Contraction of the sigmoid flexure causes the penis to be held ____ the body.
Inside
100
Relaxation of the sigmoid flexure causes the penis to be held _____ the body.
Outside
101
Define Ischiocavernosus muscle.
Muscle found at the root of the penis.
102
Define Urethralis.
Muscle surrounding pelvic urethra.
103
Define Bulbospongiosus.
Muscle that helps empty the urethra.
104
How are males able to detect if a female is in heat?
By smelling the pheromones and hormones in the air.
