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ANSC 421: Reproduction and Physiology > Exam 4 Material > Flashcards

Exam 4 Material Flashcards

1
Q

Define Luteolysis.

A

The process of destroying the cell that is irreversible

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2
Q

Name the two types of Luteolysis.

A
  1. Functional Luteolysis

2. Structural Luteolysis

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3
Q

Functional Luteolysis is a _______ in progesterone production.

A

decrease

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4
Q

Structural Luteolysis is when cells of the _____ ______undergo apoptosis.

A

Corpus Luteum

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5
Q

List the hormones involved in Luteolysis and where they come from.

A
  • PGF2a from endometrium and CL
  • Oxytocin from CL
  • Progesterone form CL
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6
Q

What happens in Vascular Countercurrent Exchange?

A

PGF2a leaves the uterus and travels directly to the ovary with the CL

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7
Q

True or False: There are PGF2a receptors on Theca cells.

A

False: on Large Luteal cells or Granulosa cells

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8
Q

G protein coupled receptors lead to activating _______ _______ __ leading to the phosphorylation of a protein on the PGF2a receptor.

A

Protein Kinase C (PKC)

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9
Q

List the functions of Oxytocin in the vascular countercurrent exchange of luteolysis.

A
  • Increase PGF2a secretion from the uterus (endometrium)

- Increase PGF2a receptors production

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10
Q

What is the role of Progesterone in the vascular countercurrent exchange of luteolysis?

A

We know its involved but the function is unknown

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11
Q

What are the immune cells present in the CL?

A
  • Macrophages
  • T lymphocytes
  • Neutrophils

all three are involved in CL function and death

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12
Q

Define Spermatogenesis.

A

The process whereby spermatozoa are made (seminiferous tubules)

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13
Q

Draw the Hyperpalalmic Gonad Axis (HPG-Axis)

A

Hypo. –> GnRh –> Ant. Pituitary –> increase in FSH and LH –> Testes –> Androgens or Inhibin

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14
Q

The Leydig cells are the male equivalent to _______ cells and have ___ receptors and are the male __________.

A

Theca (in female)
LH
Androgens

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15
Q

The Sertoli cells are the male equivalent to ________ cells and have ___ receptors and make ______ and androgen binding protein.

A

Granulosa (in female)
FSH
Inhibin

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16
Q

True or False: Androgens drive spermatogenesis.

A

True

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17
Q

Name the 3 phases of Spermatogenesis.

A
  1. Proliferative Phase
  2. Meiotic Phase
  3. Differentiation Phase
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18
Q

Describe the Proliferative Phase of Spermatogenesis.

A
  • All mitotic divisions

- Stem Cell Renewal takes place and is the process for continued renewal of spermatogonial stem cells

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19
Q

Describe the Meiotic Phase of Spermatogenesis.

A
  • Consists of primary and secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis
  • DNA is synthesized and replicated
  • Crossing over of homologous chromosomes
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20
Q

What is the end result of the Meiotic Phase of Spermatogenesis?

A

There are spermatids with 1/2 of the chromosomes (1n)

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21
Q

Describe the Differentiation Phase of Spermatogenesis.

A
  • Its the process of making a unique head, mid piece, and tail for sperm
  • The 4 phases include
    1. Golgi phase
    2. CAP phase
    3. Acrosomal phase
    4. Maturation phase
  • DNA becomes very condensed and is not genetically active
  • Acrosome contains hydrolytic enzymes that play a major role during acrosome reactions
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22
Q

Sperm: Head = _______ , Mid piece = _______ , Tail = _____

A

DNA, Energy, Motility

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23
Q

Define Spermiation.

A

The release of spermatids from sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.

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24
Q

True or False: Spermiation is analogous to ovulation in the female but in the male it is a continuous process.

A

True

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25
Q

Spermatogenesis lasts ____ days in a Bull.

A

61

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26
Q

Spermatogenesis lasts ____ days in a Ram.

A

47

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27
Q

Spermatogenesis lasts ____ days in a Boar.

A

39

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28
Q

Spermatogenesis lasts ____ days in a Stallion.

A

55

29
Q

Spermatogenesis lasts ____ days in a Man.

A

64

30
Q

Spermatozoa loss depends on…

A

The physical nature of ejaculation and the site of deposition.

31
Q

What is Semen composed of?

A

Sperm and Seminal Plasma

32
Q

Where is the site of semen deposition in cows, sheep, and primates?

A

Cranial Vagina

33
Q

Where is the site of semen deposition in a pig?

A

The cervix (due to volume = uterus)

34
Q

Where is the site of semen deposition in a mare?

A

It is squirted through the cervix into the uterus (stallions have a high power squirt)

35
Q

What are the two phases of sperm travel through the female repro. tract?

A
  1. Rapid Phase: within minutes, sperm will be in the oviduct
  2. Sustained Phase: more uniform distribution of sperm reaching the oviduct
36
Q

True or False: In the rapid phase of sperm travel through the female repro. tract the sperm is viable.

A

False: the sperm is not viable

37
Q

What controls the movement of sperm in the female repro. tract?

A

Contractions caused by E2 and PGF2a and PGE2 in the seminal plasma

38
Q

Define Sperm Docking.

A

The sperm attaches to the epithelial cells in the female tract (specifically the oviduct)

39
Q

What is the role of the cervix in spermatozoa transport?

A
  • To be a barrier and a reservoir
  • Make E2 to secrete mucus
    - low viscosity
    - high viscosity
40
Q

Define Capacitation.

A

The process whereby sperm acquires max fertility (happens in the female tract) due to biological changes in the sperm head.

41
Q

Define Fertilization.

A

A series of specific interactions between sperm and an oocyte.

42
Q

What is required from the sperm in order for it to bind to the zona pellucida?

A
  • Zona binding proteins on the sperm head that become exposed during capacitation
43
Q

The zona pellucida consists of glycoproteins called …?

A

Zona Proteins

- ZP1 , ZP2, ZP3

44
Q

ZP1 and ZP2 are ________ proteins while ZP3 is similar to a _______ protein and binds zona ______ proteins on the sperm head.

A

Structural, Receptor, Binding

45
Q

In the zona binding region the sperm anchors to the zona pellucida through ____ .

A

ZP3

46
Q

Define Acrosome Reaction.

A

The process whereby acrosome releases its contents (proteolytic enzymes)

47
Q

The acrosome reaction promoting region binds to ZP3 proteins on the zone to initiate __________ _________.

A

Acrosome Reaction

48
Q

List the purposes of the acrosome reaction.

A
  1. Allow sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida

2. Expose equatorial segment on sperm (equatorial segment binds oocyte to plasma membrane)

49
Q

The cortical reaction leads to:

A
  • Zona block
  • Vitelline block

Both prevent ployspermy

50
Q

Define Polyspermy.

A

Multiple sperm try to bind and penetrate the zona pellucida.

51
Q

What happens during Pronuclei Formation?

A

sperm undergoes changes in oocyte cytoplasm and glutathione in the female oocyte cytoplasm reduces di-sulfide bonds in sperms DNA.

52
Q

Define Syngamy.

A

The fusion of male and female pronuclei.

53
Q

Define Conceptus.

A

The product of conception including embryos, extra embryonic membranes, fetus, and placenta.

54
Q

What four steps have to occur before an embryo can attach in the female in embryogenesis?

A
  1. Development within the confines of the zona pellucida
  2. Hatching out of the zona pellucida
  3. Maternal recognition of pregnancy
  4. Formation of embryonic membranes
55
Q

Define Totipotent.

A

Total potential to develop into a healthy offspring.

56
Q

Blastocysts in the Morula have a fluid filled cavity called a …

A

Blastocoele

57
Q

Name the two distinct cell populations found in the morula.

A
  • Inner cell mass (becomes the fetus)

- Tropoblast cells (become part of the chorion which develops into the fetal component of the placenta)

58
Q

Extraembryonic membranes in the morula form (4 things)

A
  • Yolk sac
  • Chorion
  • Amnion
  • Allantois
59
Q

What is the yolk sac?

A

The site of the beginning of primitive germ cell formation

60
Q

What is the chorion?

A

It becomes the fetal part of the placenta

61
Q

What is the amnion?

A

It is a fluid filled sac that hydraulically protects the embryo

62
Q

What is an allantois?

A

It is a fluid filled sac that collects embryonic waste that eventually fuses with the chorion

63
Q

In sheep and cattle the maternal recognition of pregnancy is ________ ______.

A

Interferon Tau (INFT)

64
Q

In Sheep and Cattle interferon tau from the tropoblasts causes a _______ in oxytocin receptors in the endometrium, ______ oxytocin activity and _______ PGF2a release.

A

Decrease, Lowering, Decreasing

65
Q

The maternal recognition of pregnancy in sows is _____ from the conceptus.

A

E2

66
Q

Define Placentation.

A

Development of the placenta

67
Q

What layer must attach to the uterus first in placentation?

A

The chorion

68
Q

True or False: The placenta is a transient endocrine organ.

A

True it a temporary organ that secretes hormones

69
Q

List the main functions of the placenta.

A
  • Metabolic exchange between the fetus and the mother

- Produces hormones (progesterone)

ANSC 421: Reproduction and Physiology (4 decks)

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