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ANSC 421: Reproduction and Physiology > Exam 4 Material > Flashcards

Exam 4 Material Flashcards

1
Q

Define Luteolysis.

A

The process of destroying the cell that is irreversible

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2
Q

Name the two types of Luteolysis.

A
  1. Functional Luteolysis

2. Structural Luteolysis

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3
Q

Functional Luteolysis is a _______ in progesterone production.

A

decrease

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4
Q

Structural Luteolysis is when cells of the _____ ______undergo apoptosis.

A

Corpus Luteum

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5
Q

List the hormones involved in Luteolysis and where they come from.

A
  • PGF2a from endometrium and CL
  • Oxytocin from CL
  • Progesterone form CL
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6
Q

What happens in Vascular Countercurrent Exchange?

A

PGF2a leaves the uterus and travels directly to the ovary with the CL

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7
Q

True or False: There are PGF2a receptors on Theca cells.

A

False: on Large Luteal cells or Granulosa cells

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8
Q

G protein coupled receptors lead to activating _______ _______ __ leading to the phosphorylation of a protein on the PGF2a receptor.

A

Protein Kinase C (PKC)

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9
Q

List the functions of Oxytocin in the vascular countercurrent exchange of luteolysis.

A
  • Increase PGF2a secretion from the uterus (endometrium)

- Increase PGF2a receptors production

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10
Q

What is the role of Progesterone in the vascular countercurrent exchange of luteolysis?

A

We know its involved but the function is unknown

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11
Q

What are the immune cells present in the CL?

A
  • Macrophages
  • T lymphocytes
  • Neutrophils

all three are involved in CL function and death

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12
Q

Define Spermatogenesis.

A

The process whereby spermatozoa are made (seminiferous tubules)

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13
Q

Draw the Hyperpalalmic Gonad Axis (HPG-Axis)

A

Hypo. –> GnRh –> Ant. Pituitary –> increase in FSH and LH –> Testes –> Androgens or Inhibin

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14
Q

The Leydig cells are the male equivalent to _______ cells and have ___ receptors and are the male __________.

A

Theca (in female)
LH
Androgens

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15
Q

The Sertoli cells are the male equivalent to ________ cells and have ___ receptors and make ______ and androgen binding protein.

A

Granulosa (in female)
FSH
Inhibin

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16
Q

True or False: Androgens drive spermatogenesis.

A

True

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17
Q

Name the 3 phases of Spermatogenesis.

A
  1. Proliferative Phase
  2. Meiotic Phase
  3. Differentiation Phase
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18
Q

Describe the Proliferative Phase of Spermatogenesis.

A
  • All mitotic divisions

- Stem Cell Renewal takes place and is the process for continued renewal of spermatogonial stem cells

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19
Q

Describe the Meiotic Phase of Spermatogenesis.

A
  • Consists of primary and secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis
  • DNA is synthesized and replicated
  • Crossing over of homologous chromosomes
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20
Q

What is the end result of the Meiotic Phase of Spermatogenesis?

A

There are spermatids with 1/2 of the chromosomes (1n)

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21
Q

Describe the Differentiation Phase of Spermatogenesis.

A
  • Its the process of making a unique head, mid piece, and tail for sperm
  • The 4 phases include
    1. Golgi phase
    2. CAP phase
    3. Acrosomal phase
    4. Maturation phase
  • DNA becomes very condensed and is not genetically active
  • Acrosome contains hydrolytic enzymes that play a major role during acrosome reactions
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22
Q

Sperm: Head = _______ , Mid piece = _______ , Tail = _____

A

DNA, Energy, Motility

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23
Q

Define Spermiation.

A

The release of spermatids from sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.

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24
Q

True or False: Spermiation is analogous to ovulation in the female but in the male it is a continuous process.

A

True

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25
Spermatogenesis lasts ____ days in a Bull.
61
26
Spermatogenesis lasts ____ days in a Ram.
47
27
Spermatogenesis lasts ____ days in a Boar.
39
28
Spermatogenesis lasts ____ days in a Stallion.
55
29
Spermatogenesis lasts ____ days in a Man.
64
30
Spermatozoa loss depends on...
The physical nature of ejaculation and the site of deposition.
31
What is Semen composed of?
Sperm and Seminal Plasma
32
Where is the site of semen deposition in cows, sheep, and primates?
Cranial Vagina
33
Where is the site of semen deposition in a pig?
The cervix (due to volume = uterus)
34
Where is the site of semen deposition in a mare?
It is squirted through the cervix into the uterus (stallions have a high power squirt)
35
What are the two phases of sperm travel through the female repro. tract?
1. Rapid Phase: within minutes, sperm will be in the oviduct 2. Sustained Phase: more uniform distribution of sperm reaching the oviduct
36
True or False: In the rapid phase of sperm travel through the female repro. tract the sperm is viable.
False: the sperm is not viable
37
What controls the movement of sperm in the female repro. tract?
Contractions caused by E2 and PGF2a and PGE2 in the seminal plasma
38
Define Sperm Docking.
The sperm attaches to the epithelial cells in the female tract (specifically the oviduct)
39
What is the role of the cervix in spermatozoa transport?
- To be a barrier and a reservoir - Make E2 to secrete mucus - low viscosity - high viscosity
40
Define Capacitation.
The process whereby sperm acquires max fertility (happens in the female tract) due to biological changes in the sperm head.
41
Define Fertilization.
A series of specific interactions between sperm and an oocyte.
42
What is required from the sperm in order for it to bind to the zona pellucida?
- Zona binding proteins on the sperm head that become exposed during capacitation
43
The zona pellucida consists of glycoproteins called ...?
Zona Proteins | - ZP1 , ZP2, ZP3
44
ZP1 and ZP2 are ________ proteins while ZP3 is similar to a _______ protein and binds zona ______ proteins on the sperm head.
Structural, Receptor, Binding
45
In the zona binding region the sperm anchors to the zona pellucida through ____ .
ZP3
46
Define Acrosome Reaction.
The process whereby acrosome releases its contents (proteolytic enzymes)
47
The acrosome reaction promoting region binds to ZP3 proteins on the zone to initiate __________ _________.
Acrosome Reaction
48
List the purposes of the acrosome reaction.
1. Allow sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida | 2. Expose equatorial segment on sperm (equatorial segment binds oocyte to plasma membrane)
49
The cortical reaction leads to:
- Zona block - Vitelline block Both prevent ployspermy
50
Define Polyspermy.
Multiple sperm try to bind and penetrate the zona pellucida.
51
What happens during Pronuclei Formation?
sperm undergoes changes in oocyte cytoplasm and glutathione in the female oocyte cytoplasm reduces di-sulfide bonds in sperms DNA.
52
Define Syngamy.
The fusion of male and female pronuclei.
53
Define Conceptus.
The product of conception including embryos, extra embryonic membranes, fetus, and placenta.
54
What four steps have to occur before an embryo can attach in the female in embryogenesis?
1. Development within the confines of the zona pellucida 2. Hatching out of the zona pellucida 3. Maternal recognition of pregnancy 4. Formation of embryonic membranes
55
Define Totipotent.
Total potential to develop into a healthy offspring.
56
Blastocysts in the Morula have a fluid filled cavity called a ...
Blastocoele
57
Name the two distinct cell populations found in the morula.
- Inner cell mass (becomes the fetus) | - Tropoblast cells (become part of the chorion which develops into the fetal component of the placenta)
58
Extraembryonic membranes in the morula form (4 things)
- Yolk sac - Chorion - Amnion - Allantois
59
What is the yolk sac?
The site of the beginning of primitive germ cell formation
60
What is the chorion?
It becomes the fetal part of the placenta
61
What is the amnion?
It is a fluid filled sac that hydraulically protects the embryo
62
What is an allantois?
It is a fluid filled sac that collects embryonic waste that eventually fuses with the chorion
63
In sheep and cattle the maternal recognition of pregnancy is ________ ______.
Interferon Tau (INFT)
64
In Sheep and Cattle interferon tau from the tropoblasts causes a _______ in oxytocin receptors in the endometrium, ______ oxytocin activity and _______ PGF2a release.
Decrease, Lowering, Decreasing
65
The maternal recognition of pregnancy in sows is _____ from the conceptus.
E2
66
Define Placentation.
Development of the placenta
67
What layer must attach to the uterus first in placentation?
The chorion
68
True or False: The placenta is a transient endocrine organ.
True it a temporary organ that secretes hormones
69
List the main functions of the placenta.
- Metabolic exchange between the fetus and the mother | - Produces hormones (progesterone)

ANSC 421: Reproduction and Physiology (4 decks)

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