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ANSC 421: Reproduction and Physiology > Exam 2 Material: Regulation of Reproduction > Flashcards

Exam 2 Material: Regulation of Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three embryonic germ layers?

A
  1. Endoderm (digestive tract, liver, pancreas, lungs, most glands)
  2. Mesoderm (circulatory system, most of repro tract)
  3. Ectoderm (central nervous system)
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2
Q

The pituitary gland consists of two lobes called the _______ lobe and the _______ lobe.

A

Anterior and Posterior

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3
Q

The posterior lobe is developed from _______ tissue in the brain.

A

Neural

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4
Q

The anterior lobe is developed from ________ tissue from the roof of the mouth (Rathke’s Pouch)

A

Epithelial

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5
Q

The anterior lobe makes 5 different cell types…

A
  1. Somatotropes
  2. Thyrotropes
  3. Corticotropes
  4. Lactotropes
  5. Gonadotropes
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6
Q

Somatotropes make ____ hormone.

A

Growth

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7
Q

Thyrotropes make _______ stimulating hormones.

A

Thyroid

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8
Q

Corticotropes make _____________ hormones.

A

Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

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9
Q

Gonadotropes make ____________ hormone and ________ stimulating hormone.

A

Luteinizing, Follicle

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10
Q

Lactotropes make __________.

A

Prolactin

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11
Q

True or False: The posterior lobe stores oxytocin but does not make it

A

True

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12
Q

Where do primordial germ cells come from?

A

Come from hindgut and allantois and migrate to genital ridge

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13
Q

The Renal System is composed of …

A

Mesonephrons / Mesonephric ducts and Paramesonephric ducts

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14
Q

Mesonephric ducts become the …

A

Epididymis and Ductus deferens (Wolfian Ducts)

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15
Q

Paramesonephric ducts become the …

A

oviducts, uterus, cervix, and vagina (Mullerian Ducts)

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16
Q

What is the SRY gene and why is it important?

A

Encodes for SRY protein. It’s the sex determining gene on the y chromosome made in the gonads (testes).

It’s important because its considered master switch. Once the protein is made everything switches to male.
SRY stimulates the development of the male repro system. Tells sertoli cells specifically to make anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) while SRY stimulates production and inhibits mullerian duct formation.

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17
Q

Define Cryptorchidism.

A

Failure of testes to descend into the scrotum

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18
Q

What is the Gubernaculum?

A

The strong ligament attached to the testes and the scrotum that pulls testes from the kidneys into the scrotum.

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19
Q

Define Inguinal Herniation.

A

A portion of the of the intestines passes through the inguinal canal (separating the testes and scrotum from the body cavity)

20
Q

What causes a free martin to be sterile?

A

Calves share a placenta
The blood supply is shared
Anti-mullerian hormone for the male is in the blood and is first produced
Causing the female to reject the mullerian hormone for ovary production

21
Q

True or False: To regulate reproduction the nervous system and the endocrine system (hormones) work separately.

A

False: they work together

22
Q

What are the ways that neuronal stimulations affect the repro system?

A
  • Simple Neural Reflex: neurotransmitters talk directly to target tissues
  • Neuroedocrine Reflex: neurohormones enter the blood first and then travel to the target tissue
23
Q

What is an Inhibitory neuron?

A

Neurons that inhibit other neurons from firing

24
Q

True or False: The Hypothalamus is not the neural control center for all reproduction.

A

False: it is

25
Q

What is the Hypothalamo - Hypophyseal Portal System?

A

It is a very special capillary system for the hypothalamus to communicate with the other anterior lobe of the pituitary. Allows for very minute amounts of hormones from hypothalamus to talk to anterior pituitary

26
Q

Define Hormone.

A

A substance produced specifically by a tissue to bring out about a response or change in tissue

27
Q

What changes do you see in target tissues in Endocrinology?

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Synthesis of Products (other hormones)
  3. Secretion
28
Q

List the characteristics of hormones.

A
  • Active in very small quantities
  • Carried in the blood
  • Act on target tissues
29
Q

In 1977 Dr. Rosalyn Yalow won a Nobel Prize for creating what?

A

Radioimmunoassay (RIA) measures hormones in the blood

30
Q

Physiological activity of hormones depends on…

A
  • Half life
  • Receptor density on the target tissue
  • Receptor hormone affinity: degree of attraction
  • Secretory patterns of hormones: 3 distinct patterns
31
Q

Define Half life.

A

The amount of time it takes for half of the hormone to be used

32
Q

What are the hormone classifications?

A
  1. Source
  2. Mode of action
  3. Biochemical classification
33
Q

What are the biochemical classifications of hormones?

A
  • Amino acids
  • Steroids
  • Fatty acids
34
Q

List some characteristics of Amino Acid Based Hormones.

A
  • Most are stored
  • Takes a while to make
  • Must be injected
  • Cannot be given orally
35
Q

Define Peptides.

A

a small, few numbered amino acid

36
Q

What are the Amino Acid based hormones classified as?

A
  • Peptides
  • Proteins
  • Glycoproteins
37
Q

What are the sources of Steroids?

A
  • Gonads
  • Adrenal Gland
  • Placenta
38
Q

List the characteristics of Steroids.

A
  • All made from cholesterol
  • Lipophilic
  • Bound to carrier protein
  • Small molecular weight
  • Active when given orally
  • Active when given by injection
  • Not species specific
39
Q

How does Cox 2 serve in Prostaglandin F2a and Prostaglandin E2 synthesis?

A

Serves as a rate limiting enzyme

40
Q

Cholesterol is made of ___ carbons and will have a high or low density of ____________.

A

27, Lipoproteins

41
Q

True or False: Cholesterol is synthesized by Acetyl CoA

A

True

42
Q

What is a steroidogenic cell?

A

A cell that makes steroids (ex: granulosa cells)

43
Q

What are the two main Modified Fatty Acids?

A

Prostaglandin F2a and Prostaglandin E2

44
Q

Where is Corticotropin Releasing Hormone made and what are its functions?

A

The hypothalamus (peptide), and Increases ACTH release from anterior pituitary

45
Q

Where is Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone made and what are its functions?

A

Made in the hypothalamus (peptide), and Increase in growth hormone from anterior pituitary

46
Q

Where is Oxytocin made and what are its functions?

A

Made in the hypothalamus (paraventricular nucleus (PVN) (Peptide that is stored in the posterior lobe), and

  • Includes milk letdown
  • Stimulates Contractions: (Pitocin contractions: is another name for oxytocin (can be stronger due to being synthetically made))
  • Promotes Production of Prostaglandin F2a: (Synthesis and production)
  • Maternal behavior
47
Q

Where is Follicle Stimulating Hormone made and what are its functions?

A

Made in the Anterior Pituitary,

Male:

  • Stimulate sertoli cells
  • Increase inhibin production and release (inhibin suppresses fsh release)
  • Increase androgen binding protein (ABP) production

Female:

  • Stimulates follicular growth and development
  • Increase estrodiol (E2) synthesis and release
  • Increase inhibin synthesis

ANSC 421: Reproduction and Physiology (4 decks)

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