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Reproduction > Male and Female Physiology > Flashcards

Male and Female Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is GnRH?

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone

Produced by hypothalamus stimulates release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary

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2
Q

What are the gonadrotrophins?

A

LH (lutenising hormone) and FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

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3
Q

What do the gonadotrophins do?

A

Stimulate release of oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone

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4
Q

What is the HPO axis?

A

Hypothalamus produces GnRH
Acts on anterior pituitary to produce LH and FSH

FSH stimulates egg follicles to grow and selects dominant follicle

LH midcycle surge triggers ovulation

LH and FSH also responsible for the production of oestrogen & progesterone

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5
Q

Describe the HPO axis feedback?

A

Negative feedback to the ant. pituitary and hypothalamus as oestrogen & progesterone levels start to rise with develop of follicle leads to less LH and FSH being produced so that there is only one egg produced per cycle

Positive feedback as oestrogen levels reach a certain threshold lead to LH surge (day 12-14) which triggers ovulation

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6
Q

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicular

Luteal

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7
Q

Describe the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle

A

Progesterone levels drop at end of menstrual cycle
Neg feedback –> GnRH production by hypothalamus –> LH and FSH produced by pituitary

FSH acts on granulosa cells of primordial follicle & cause it to change into primary follicle
Granulosa cells also produce oestrogen

Midcycle surge of LH leads to release of the egg

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8
Q

Describe the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle

A

Follicle after egg release = corpus luteum
Corpus luteum produces progesterone which acts on the lining of the womb
Corpus luteum matures and if no pregnancy - it generates and goes white (corpus albicans)

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9
Q

Which phase of the uterine cycle corresponds with the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

Proliferative

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10
Q

Which phase of the uterine cycle corresponds with the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

Secretory

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11
Q

What occurs in the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?

A

As follicular phase is occurring, oestrogen is being secreted –> proliferation of the womb
Endometrium grows thick for implantation

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12
Q

What occurs in the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?

A

Progesterone released by corpus luteum dilates the vessels in the endometrium increasing the BS to the endometrium

Also causes endometrium to produce hormones making endometrium receptive to implantation

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13
Q

If there is no fertilisation what occurs to the endometrium?

A

All hormones drop and endometrium cannot sustain itself so there is a menstrual bleed

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14
Q

What is the action of oestrogen on the endometrium?

A

Causes proliferation of endometrial stroma and development of the endometrial glands

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15
Q

What is the action of progesterone on the endometrium?

A

Induces secretory functions of the endometrium

Responsible for spinal artery development

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16
Q

What are the functions of oestrogen?

A
  • Proliferation of endometrium
  • Promotes development of genitalia
  • Promotes growth of follicle
  • Causes LH surge
  • Responsible for female fat distribution
  • Increases hepatic synthesis of transport proteins
  • Upregulates oestrogen, progesterone and LH receptors
  • Increases TBG levels
17
Q

What are the functions of progesterone?

A
  • Maintenance of endometrium and pregnancy
  • Thickens cervical mucous
  • Decreases myometrial excitability
  • Increases body temperature
  • Responsible for spiral artery development
18
Q

What determines the no. of eggs a woman has?

A

Girls born with no. of eggs for lifetime

Predetermined by mother’s health and genetic factors

19
Q

When do the ovaries have the maximum no. of eggs?

A

At 5m gestation

20
Q

How many eggs will the ovaries have at birth?

A

2 million on average

21
Q

Describe the process of oogenesis

A

Oogonium (stem cells) undergo mitotic divisions –> primary oocytes (this is completely at/shortly after birth)
Meiosis starts but arrested in the prophase

Group of primary oocytes are hormone responsive in each cycle - one grows rapidly to complete first meiotic division & releases haploid secondary oocyte at ovulation

Extra genetic information released as 1st polar body

Secondary oocyte completely second meiotic division when fertilised by a sperm to form the mature ovum and second polar body

22
Q

When is peak fertility?

A

20-30

23
Q

When does fertility tend to dip?

A

After 35

24
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

Leydig cells in testes

25
Q

What is the function of FSH in males?

A

Acts on Sertoli cells and stimulates sperm production

26
Q

What is the function of LH in males?

A

Acts on Leydig cells leading to testosterone production

27
Q

What do the germ cells in the seminiferous tubules do?

A

Produce sperm

28
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

Maintains secondary male sex characteristics

29
Q

Describe the path of sperm travel and release

A

Sperm aggregate & move towards the epididymis
Epididymis connected to vas deferens which combines with secretions from seminal vesicles and prostate and joints penile urethra

30
Q

Describe spermatogenesis

A

Mitosis of spermatogonium never stops
Spermatogonium under go mitosis into primary spermatocyte
Primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis 1 into secondary spermatocyte which undergoes meiosis 2 into spermatids

31
Q

What is the process of spermiogenesis?

A

Spermatids becoming mature sperm

Occurs in epididymis - develop tail function, heads grow, genetic material grows stronger

32
Q

When do men stop producing sperm?

A

They don’t

Sperm quality reduces after 45

33
Q

How many sperm are produced per day?

A

30 million

34
Q

How long does it take to produce sperm?

A

60-75 days

35
Q

How long does it take to transport sperm to epididymis?

A

10-14 days

36
Q

What factors can affect oogenesis & spermatogenesis?

A

Problem with hormonal control (genetic, tumours, medications, function (e.g. stress/losing/gaining wt)

Problem at site of production (genetic, cancer Rx induced, surgery, trauma, infections)

Reproduction (28 decks)

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