malaria: spread, groups, factors, impacts

Question 1

incidence rate

Answer 1

no. of new cases in a particular population over a short time

Question 2

prevalence rate

Answer 2

total no. of existing cases

Question 3

epidemic

Answer 3

sudden large outbreak, higher than normal incidence

Question 4

pandemic

Answer 4

widespread epidemic across continents

Question 5

endemic

Answer 5

constantly present at low levels in a region

Question 6

how does malaria spread

Answer 6

• human mosquito human after mosquito takes blood containing malaria parasite
• female anopheles mosquito
• expansion diffusion: outward from source
• tropical, subtropical zones
• endemic

Question 7

vulnerable groups for malaria

Answer 7

children and pregnant women and people with hiv/aids –> weakened immunity

Question 8

spread factors

Answer 8

social:
1. lack of proper sanitation
2. limited provision and access to hc
3. overcrowded living cons
4. effect of climate
5. poor drainage and stagnant water

Question 9

social: lack of proper sanitation

Answer 9

• waste water not disposed properly
• stagnant pools of water
• replenished by rain
• favourable breeding ground
• more cases, higher risk of infection
• e..g slums in manila, smoky mountain

Question 10

economic: limited provision and access to hc

Answer 10

• lack of health services and doctors in rural areas; more hc investment in urban areas
• medicine far from ppl’s home in rural areas= delay treatment = disease spreads more

-unaffordable medicine
e.g. Artemisinin Combination therapy (ACT) expensive, many times a monthly income
- cheaper but infective alternatives or no treatment at all
- still got malaria, still spread

Question 11

environmental: overcrowded living conditions

Answer 11

• large no. of ppl live very close in small area
• share same space and items = unhygienic conditions
• no proper ventilation and windows and doors to keep out anopheles mosquitos
• can infect a larger no. of ppl closer together

Question 12

poor drainage and stagnant water

Answer 12

• low awareness + no precaution = no removal of stagnant water = more breeding grounds = breed without interruption = more infections

Question 13

climate

Answer 13

• temp, rainfall, rh
• favourable breeding conditions cuz lots of rainfall
• sometimes flush out breeding grounds (decrease temporarily)
• other times forms pools of water if drainage is disrupted due to debris –> ideal and secure breeding ground
• aft monsoon, flooded areas dry up = stag water
• malaria incidence dependent on intensity and duration of monsoon, start of winter
• 22C-30C increase lifespan = more bites
• high temp, shorten parasite development time in host: more active sooner
• aquatic life cycle reduced
• rainfall: creates habitats
• rh: 50-60%= longer lifespan

Question 14

impacts of malaria

Answer 14

1. death rate and imr
2. burden of malaria on households
3. loss of productivity
4. cost of healthcare

Question 15

death rate and imr

Answer 15

fall ill. attacks liver and organs. die. children vulnerable? die. pregnant women infected during pregnancy causes infants to die. imr goes up

Question 16

burden of malaria on households

Answer 16

• economic burden includes:
• increased medical expenses
• insecticide-treated nets
• medicine
• travel expenses to obtain treatment
• lost income from days off from work
• days lost from sch
• cost of preventive measures
• funeral costs

Question 17

loss of productivity

Answer 17

• person w malaria cannot work due to poor health
• loss of prod in workforce
  -prod: rate at which goods and services are produced
• lower prod: slower eco growth

Question 18

cost of healthcare

Answer 18

• countries affected need to set aside funds for hc
• can be 40% of public health spending
• funds used for building maintenance, hospital and clinics, medicine, insecticide treated nets
• burden of cost of healthcare may be put on the people if government lacks funds