hiv/aids: spread, groups, factors, impacts Flashcards
1
Q
what is hiv
A
- human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- attacks immune sys by destroying wbc
that are critical to fighting infections - lower immune system leads to Acquired immune deficiency system (AIDs) = vul to infections
- may not have symptoms for the next 9-10 yrs
- no known cure for aids
2
Q
how is it transmitted
A
- through blood/bodily fluids
1. sexual contact with hiv positive
2. sharing od infected needles
3. blood transfusion (unscreened)
4. preggo to bb
3
Q
how does it spread
A
- relocation diffusion (unlike expansion diff where it is spread outward from its source)
-relo diff: new areas outside geographic range and present in origin - leaps over great dists (not affected by dists)
- community migration
4
Q
vulnerable groups:
A
- ppl who do risk taking shit
- women (insert tea emoji)
- people who lack sex ed
- children born to hiv positive mothers
fact:
- women are twice as likely as men to contract hiv/aids during intercourse
- more subjected to sex without consent
5
Q
factors for spread
A
social
1. social stigma
2. edu
3. lifestyle
4. lapses in medical prac
economic
1. vice trades
2. mobility
6
Q
social stigma
A
- extreme disapproval associated with a circumstance
- ppl with hiv/aids face discrimination e.g. refused access to hc facils, rejection by fam or community, expulsion from sch or denial from housing
- prejudice and ignorance about transmission = late intervention
7
Q
education
A
- some ppl not aware abt transmission due to lack of edu
- dk how to protect and avoid infection = vulnerable
- cultural practices that keep girls from knowing about sex and sexuality until marriage (e.g. Nigeria sees it as inappropes) = no sex ed = less awareness
8
Q
lifestyle choices
A
- certain lifestyle choices can increase risk of infection
- drug injection, sharing needles, refusal to wear condoms during intercourse
- drug abuse and intoxication affect judgement = unsafe sexual practices
9
Q
lapses in medical practices
A
- mistakes, corruption and negligence associated with medical practices
- no effective blood screening before donating blood = blood tainted with hiv/aids used for blood transfusions
- contaminated containers and syringes used in blood syringes also give exposure
- e.g. usa 130k ppl exposed from 2001 to 2011 due to the above
10
Q
vice trades
A
- refers to business activities such as the involvement in illegal drugs or commercial sex work
- e.g. women who move from villages to cities with low education and job training can only find employment in jobs with low pay and no job security.
- resort to commercial sex work due to lack of viable option = more vulnerable to hiv/aids
11
Q
mobility
A
- movement of people from one place to another often for work reasons (look for better job opps)
- determined by occupation: miner truck driver or executive overseeing operations = more mobile than a person who works one place
- some men who move to cities or mining areas to look for work leave their families behind = separation from fam and living in foreign place = socially excluded = involved in risk-taking behaviour = at risk of getting infected
- modern transport e.g. airlines –> allowed hiv to be carried rapidly across globe = spread faster and reach more people
- tourists often take risks that they would not take at home (e.g. drink more, unprotected sex)
12
Q
impacts of hiv/aids?
A
- life ex and imr
- orphan crisis
- cost of hc
- loss of productivity = slower eco growth
13
Q
life expectancy and imr (hiv/aids)
A
- increases deaths, reduces life ex due to weakened immunity
- reduces pop size and pop growth
- when prevalent in country, causes country’s life ex to drop (e.g. Uganda)
- but treatment and awareness improved significantly over the years = increase in life ex
- increase in imr (Uganda)
14
Q
cost of hc (hiv/aids)
A
- expensive for both indiv and countries
- cost come from treatment and research
- gov: healthcare expenditure for treating complications
- antiretroviral drugs that keep hiv/aids from progressing and reduce complications are expensive in both dc and ldcs
- places where drugs are subsidised, cost is borne by ngos or gov
- must be taken daily for the rest of their life
- pregnant women hiv positive also need to go through screening and receive antenatal treatment
- has to allocate limited resources especially for those living with disease in advanced stages = diversion of resources that could be used for other purposes
15
Q
orphan crisis
A
- no. of children lose their parents to hiv/aids
- 17mil orphans due to hiv/aids
- many are cared for by extended families = carers plagued by deeper poverty because of medical costs and living expenses when orphan stays with them
- orphanages built by NGOs
- still some without support from adults = vulnerable to forced labour, forced into sex industry and recruitment as child soldiers
- suffer from emotional trauma from loss of parents
- stigmatised by society and assumed to be hiv positive
- limited access to basic necessities (shelter, food, clothing, education) = more likely to be malnournished and ill and hiv = lower standard of living
