Malaria C.S

Question 1

Where is malaria found

Answer 1

Between 25 degrees north and south in wet tropical climates

Question 2

Are most tropical countries lics or hics

Answer 2

Lics

Question 3

Why are lics more susceptible to malaria

Answer 3

-cannot afford widespread vaccination programs
-many suffer from malnutrition leading to deficiency diseases such as Kwashiorkor
- lack of clean water and sanitation
- poor housing encourages vectors to breed

Question 4

Give an example of a disease that spreads in contaminated water supplies due to a vector

Answer 4

Bilharziases - transferred through snails living in irrigation ditches

Question 5

Countries with malaria have incomes __% less than those without it

Answer 5

33

Question 6

Economic growth is __% less per person per year than those without malaria

Answer 6

1.3

Question 7

What are direct costs of malaria

Answer 7

-individual medical costs
- cost of preventative measures I.e nets
-loss of earnings
-public health spending- 40% of expenditure for some lics

Question 8

What are indirect costs of malaria

Answer 8

-cost Africa £165 billion in past 35 years
-no continuity in education
-reduced investment in tourism
-growing subsistence crops rather than cash crops
- underdeveloped markets

Question 9

_% of worlds population is at risk

Answer 9

40

Question 10

Kills _ million annually

Answer 10

1

Question 11

Affects __ million

Answer 11

500

Question 12

Solutions to malaria

Answer 12

-drug treatment
-controlling vectors
-killing mosquitoes at larval stage

Question 13

Examples of drugs to treat of malaria

Answer 13

-Giving antimalarial drugs and vaccines to those living or travelling to areas of transmission such as…
- quinine
-chloroquine
-Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) - a programme that delivers antimalarial medicine to vulnerable populations during peak malaria transmission season whether or not the recipient is infected with malaria

Question 14

Seasonal incidence of malaria depends on what physical factors

Answer 14

-Greatest incidence of the disease occurs during and soon after the season of highest rainfall
-Due to mosquitoes breeding in stagnant water supplies
-Malaria can be present throughout the year in equatorial regions where seasonal
variations are less marked - known as ‘malaria endemic’ areas
E.g. Central African belt of the Congo basin

Question 15

Transmission rates of malaria fall where annual rainfall is less than ____mm

Answer 15

1000

Question 16

What temp. do malaria parasites survive at

Answer 16

Malaria parasites can only survive in temperatures between 16°C-32°C

Question 17

Does altitude affect the ability of mosquitos to breed

Answer 17

Yes altitude can affect the ability of mosquitoes to breed, so incidences of malaria are rare in highlands above 1,500m altitude

Question 18

How do areas near coasts and forests affect mosquitos spawn rates

Answer 18

tend to have higher humidity with less seasonal temperature variation, so are more likely to be breeding grounds for transmission vectors

Question 19

Socio economic factors that increase risk of malaria transmission

Answer 19

-Poverty is a malaria risk factor due to lack of investment in prevention programmes such as mosquito nets
-Strong correlation between poor quality of housing and increased rates of disease, as
ill-fitting doors and open windows allow mosquitoes enter houses freely
-Areas of high population and housing density allow fast transmission of disease vectors
-Poor diet and unstable food supply leads to malnourishment, particularly in children,
and reduced ability to fight infection
-Better education systems and higher levels of literacy lead to more knowledge about
malaria prevention
-Strong link between poor sanitation and malaria - open sewers attract mosquitoes
-Employment type can affect a person’s exposure to malaria. The following all
increase the risk of contracting the disease:
-Agricultural workers living and working near irrigation channels
-Migrant workers who move seasonally from highland areas to lowland coastal areas
-Workers in open mines near water sources
-Age is a risk factor - children under five and the elderly most at risk as less able to
fight the infection

Question 20

How does malaria affect physical wellbeing

Answer 20

-May cause kidney failure, seizures, mental confusion and eventually death
-Anaemia and jaundice because of loss of red blood cells

Question 21

How can controlling vectors stop the spread of malaria

Answer 21

-Insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) given to vulnerable communities
-Indoor residual spraying (IRS) - the spraying of insecticide on surfaces within homes
to repel mosquitoes
-eliminate carrier mosquito using DDT insecticide, however has environmental side effects
-Kill adult female during 12 day risk period when parasites grow
-Cheap - only carried out every 12 months

Question 22

Example of an effective drug in treating malaria

Answer 22

pyrethrine - insecticide treated bed nets
- effective/easy to use
-reduced child deaths by over 50%
-however $3 per net is to expensive for most countries so only 5% of sufferers can access it

Question 23

Examples of killing mosquitos at larval stage

Answer 23

• draining/filling breeding sites
  -screening/covering water tanks
  -drying irrigation channels
• Stocking water sites with fish that eat larvae + good food source i.e. grass carp, asia

Question 24

Stats that show these strategies have helped reduce malaria transmission significantly

Answer 24

In 2000, 6 countries in malaria transmission zones had fewer than 100 cases. By 2020 that had increased to 26 countries

Question 25

What is a big negative to widespread drug use against mosquitos

Answer 25

There is evidence from Vietnam, Cambodia and Thailand that mosquitoes are developing resistance to insecticides so that they are becoming less effective

Question 26

Negatives of these solutions

Answer 26

-People’s health - some have been linked to cancer and miscarriages in pregnant
women
-Death of insects and fish in local water ecosystems
-But IRS and antimalarial drugs are expensive and less available to populations in remote rural areas, where they are often most needed

Question 27

Example of charities/organisations that aim to stop malaria

Answer 27

-‘Roll back malaria’ aimed to halve deaths by 2010

Question 28

In 2020, an estimated ___million people contracted malaria in 85 countries, killing around 627,000 people

Answer 28

241

Question 29

What is Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC)

Answer 29

a programme that delivers antimalarial medicine to vulnerable populations during peak malaria transmission season whether or not the recipient is infected with malaria

Question 30

Stat that shows strategies have significantly decreased malaria transmission

Answer 30

In 2000, 6 countries in malaria transmission zones had fewer than 100 cases. By 2020 that had increased to 26 countries