Malaria

Question 1

Symptoms

Answer 1

Headache, fever, fatigue, sweating and chills

Question 2

Cause

Answer 2

parasite infects red blood cells causing anemia and jaundice. Anopheles Mosquito (100 species) injects Plasmodium into victim
left untreated- kidney failure, seizure, coma and death

Question 3

Incidence

Answer 3

Mali (500+), Papa New Guinea

3.4 million live in areas at risk in 106 countries

Question 4

Physical environment causing Malaria?

Answer 4

stagnant water, just after rainy season(transmission season relates to length)- common in coastal areas
outbreaks just after raining in dry areas- intense
High altitudes= less likely to catch
16-32 degrees for disease to develop in mosquito

Question 5

How the species of Mosquito affects disease?

Answer 5

Lifespan- longer=longer cycle

preference of biting humans or other animals

Question 6

How human immunity affects disease?

Answer 6

Children- partial immunity developed over years, therefore very vulnerable
Immigrants- lack seasonal exposure to disease

Question 7

How the environment affects disease?

Answer 7

climate- mosquitoes breed in water- transmission is more intense during and just after rains (predict by mapping rainfall)
rural vs urban- e.g. southeast Asia- cities declared free but rural at risk

Question 8

How else can malaria be caught?

Answer 8

blood transfusion, organ transplant, shared use of contaminated needles- from pregnant mother (lower immunity) to unborn child

Question 9

distribution

Answer 9

80% of people living with malaria live in 7% of worlds countries- 13/15 in africa
214 million new cases each year

Question 10

socio-economic variables linking to incidence of infection

Answer 10

rural vs urban, age and gender, ethnicity, occupation (agricultural), unsanitary conditions, housing quality and occupancy- density, without windows/shutters/made from poor material
income, education, distance and accessibility

Question 11

how climate change may increase risk

Answer 11

moves distribution to higher latitudes- continue towards poles

Question 12

Malaria in Uganda?

Answer 12

2015-3.6 million cases
high temps and rainfall, Lake Albert and Victoria
2009- first malaria drug factory opened in Kabale

Question 13

socio-economic impacts

Answer 13

individuals- expense= travel, drugs, treatment, lost work days, preventative measures/burials- school absence
government- maintenance, supply (drugs) and staffing at health centres, interventions, net distribution, lost opportunities
firms- absenteeism, health care spending
direct costs= US $12 billion/year

Question 14

management strategies

Answer 14

control of vector- insecticides, walls where mosquitoes rest
physical barriers- insecticide treated nets
chemical barriers- more pregnant women receiving preventative drug during treatment- limited use of seasonal drug for children
investing into swift diagnosis
drug treatment for disease

Question 15

management worked?

Answer 15

overall no. cases has declined by 1/3 over past 15 years- countries outside the 15 most countries affected cases of malaria has halved

Question 16

mitigation strategies

Answer 16

2016- UK government and Bill Gates pledge £1 billion over next 5 years to support eradication