Making a Nation Flashcards
What does ‘terra nullius’ mean?
The British settlers saw Australia as empty land.
The native Indigenous were not considered as owners of the land, but rather animals that gather and hunt.
Compare the Indigenous and British concepts of landownership.
This involved fencing off areas of land, farming or building on it.
The Aborigines didn’t need to claim land as their own because it was used by the whole community for physical, social and spiritual reasons.
Why did many indigenous people die of foreign diseases?
Many indigenous people died of foreign diseases because they were not immune to the disease in the early days of colony.
Explain resistance by Pemulwuy.
Launched attacks on settlers their crops and huts. After governor king offered reward for his capture in 1801, Pemulwuy was shot and killed by soldiers. The resistance movement then fell away for a brief period.
Give examples of collaborations between colonists and indigenous people.
- Aborigines became police and trackers
- Bennelong and governor Phillip brought aborigines to the settlement
- Bungaree sailed with Flinders for communication
- Billibellary worked with new arrivals to enable his peoples movement between two cultures.
Explain the Binjareb people.
The relationship between the Binjareb people and nature was very good as they had ceremonies, knowledge and land management practices, hunting/food gathering, fishing, rituals. This enabled full usage of the land.
When was the Swan River Colony established?
The Swan River Colony was established by governor James Stirling in 1829.
What happened after Mr Thomas Peel moved to Mandurah in 1830?
Colonial soldiers broke fish traps and in retaliation the Binjareb Noongars continuously attacked settler crops, stock, equipment and buildings with fire strategies and spears.
What was the trigger point for Nyungars’ plot against Peel?
When the Noongars’ flour rations were cut the mill was raided and an aim to exterminate the whites and kill Mr Peel.
How many casualties of indigenous men were there in the Pinjarra Massacre?
23-30 deaths
What approach was taken by the settlers after clashes between the and the aborigines?
Churches ran missions in remote areas to convert aborigines to christianity and the ways of the white man.
How did the europeans attempt to stop the aboriginal culture?
By ceasing ceremonies, wandering, local languages. Did involve a primary school education.
Explain the stolen generation.
The stolen generations secret plan was to breed out the colour of aboriginal people by protectorates removing the not so black children from their families to adopt them into white households.
When was gold first discovered in Ballarat?
Gold was discovered in 1851 by Edward Hargraves.
What time period was the gold rush?
During the 1850’s
Describe alluvial gold
Alluvial gold was found in creeks and riverbeds that was still and slow moving where it could collect like sediment and was easily accessed by using panning. Hence the term panning for gold.
Describe deep reef gold.
Deep reef gold was formed like other rock crystals and often found in other rocks. Deep reef gold had to be extracted from an underground mine which required more money and time.
Why were early gold finds not reported?
The amounts found were quite small and on government owned land meaning the gold should have been surrendered to the governor.
What were the immediate impacts of gold discovery?
- 20 000 prospectors were working in Ballarat and Bendigo
- Nearly 1/2 of the male population from Melbourne and Adelaide were in the Victorian goldfields.
- Australia became desirable as it offered unknown amounts of unclaimed gold which would bring money.
Why did traders, shop keepers, transporters and other business people earn a more regular income than miners?
They built up a prosperous business from the increase in demand and needs for supplies that they offered and sold. There was a slim possibility of finding gold but a certain possibility for need of business.
Describe the living conditions in the eastern goldfields.
- Due to lack of water people didn’t wash regularly
- chicken and eggs were rare
- damper, mutton, steak and chops were common foods
- flies laid maggots in peoples eyes!
- most people travelled by foot using wheelbarrows
When did the Eureka Stockade occur and why?
When the goldfield diggers apposed the government miners’ licenses in December of 1854 in Ballarat.
How often were licensed checks conducted?
Twice a week.
