Industrial Revolution Flashcards
Describe enclosures
Enclosures were the act of claiming areas of land by placing barriers or fences around areas of (common) land.
The landowners would then rented land blocks to tenant farmers for a profit.
What did Charles ‘Turnip’ Townshend do?
Charles ‘Turnip’ Townshend developed the four fields system to utilise the resources from the land.
What was the four field system?
The four field system is a farming method created by Charles Townshend in 1730.
This involved crop rotation that left one field with clover to increase nitrogen and fertility levels.
What was the initial way of farming in fields and why was the four field system better?
The initial way of farming involved leaving one field fallow/unused, which produced less, exhausting soil and decreasing nutrients.
The four field system is better as it replaces the nutrients with clover, and produces more.
Who created the New Leicester process and what is it?
Robert Bakewell created the New Leicester process, which involved selective breeding of livestock to develop quick-fattening sheep with finer wool and tastier meat.
What did poor people use their plots of land for in the past?
Poor people used plots of land in the past to graze their animals or to farm the land.
What happened to the poor people after their old plots were destroyed?
After their plots of land were destroyed, the poor people, who were the original owners, were forced off the land and denied access.
What was the poor peoples’ role in the new enclosure system?
The poor peoples’ role in the new enclosure system was to work for those more wealthy and earn enough for a living.
Why did the poor people give up with the new working role in the enclosure system?
The poor people gave up with their jobs/ roles in the enclosure system because there wasn’t enough money earned, and they needed a better employment to provide for a family.
List some of the improvements in technology of agriculture and farm machinery improvements etc.
Some improvements in technology made in agriculture at this time include:
- new mechanical drills
- reaping machines
- fertilisers
- animal rearing and breeding techniques
Why were women and children desirable factory workers?
Women and children were paid less, had less rights and children were small enough to fit between machinery and were easily replaced.
Describe the working hours of a child working in the mill or factory.
The child would go into the mill to start working at 5:30 and stop to eat at 7:00.
If the child had an education they would be exhausted and it wouldn’t be beneficial for their education.
When was the cotton gin invented and who was it?
The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney in 1794
What did Abraham Darby do and when?
Abraham Darby makes coke from coal in 1709, which is a more efficient fuel in the production of iron.
What was invented in 1733?
Who invented this?
John Kay invented the flying shuttle
- more efficient
- more speed
- resulting in more demand
When was the flying shuttle invented?
1733
When was the spinning jenny invented and who by?
1765 by James Hargreaves
When was the water wheel invented and by who?
Richard Arkwright in 1768
When was the steam engine invented and by who?
James Watt in 1775
When did the Industrial Revolution begin and end?
1750-1914
When was the Crompton’s mule invented and by who?
Which two other inventions were combined to create this?
The Crompton’s Mule is a combination of the spinning jenny and the water frame.
It was invented by Samuel Crompton in 1779
When was the first steam locomotive invented and by who?
In 1801 by Richard Trevithick
When was the first steam locomotive driven on rails and by who?
In 1804 by Richard Trevithick
When was the first commercial steam ship created and by who?
In 1807 by Robert Fulton
When was the principle of an electric motor demonstrated and by who?
In 1821 by Michael Faraway
What is started in 1825 and is finished in 1842
The tunnel under the Thames River was started by Isambard Brunel.
When was the first screw-propelled steamship
(SS Archimedes) made?
1839
When was the first transatlantic telegraph cable laid?
1866
When did Alexander Graham Bell patent the telephone?
1876
When was the internal combustion engine first used in an automobile?
Who made this?
In 1885 by Karl Benz
What did Henry Ford do and when?
Henry Ford created the assembly line process to make the Ford Model T in 1908.
What are five or more features of Britain society before 1750?
- 80% worked on/in small rural areas
- small towns
- manufacturing was small and localised
- poor roads
- less travel
- bad diet
- short life
- many illnesses
Briefly describe the working conditions in mills/ factories.
- Insanitary
- long hours
- crowded and congested
- easily spread disease
- dangerous and risky environment
(serious injury or death)
What are the luddites?
A group of people against the idea of improved machinery.
What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?
- Colonies claiming new territories
- Wars fought between European powers
- Britain’s coal supplies
- Naval power and trading power
- Individual freedom and capitalist spirit
- stable government
- Superior banking system and capital for investment
What did the Factory Acts of 1833 and 1884 provide for child workers?
i dont know yet -safer working -shorter hours -education -
