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MICRO > majury - normal flora > Flashcards

majury - normal flora Flashcards

1
Q

what is the biggest vector of disease?

A

water

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2
Q

what is normal flora?

A

The bacteria that are consistently associated with a host. some theories say that we are a side effect of a microbial world and there there are more microbes in us than human cells.

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3
Q

t or f, having a C-section can effect your babies micro biome?

A

true, vaginal birth babies will have a larger microbiome

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4
Q

what is the primary defender against inhaled pathogens? what does it include?

A

the nose: cilia and mucus

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5
Q

Explain Staph Aureus located in the nose

A

this is a normal flora that s kept in “check” by other bacteria (staph epidermis). If it is not kept under control it can become pathogenic

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6
Q

explain the mouth and oral cavity microbiota

A
  • 10^10 microbes here.
  • saliva and pH prevent many species from living here
  • thrush is an example of a oral cavity bacterial infection
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7
Q

what bacteria is the most common cause of UTI’s and neonatal meningitis?

A

urinary tract infections –> E. Coli

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8
Q

what is symbiosis?

A

nature of a relationship between two living things

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9
Q

what is mutualism

A

a relationship in which both parties receive benefit from living in close association (usually intimate)

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10
Q

What is commensalism?

A

one symbiont benefits (this is the commensal organism) and the other is unaffected.

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11
Q

what is parasitism?

A

one symbiont is benefited and the other is harmed

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12
Q

true or false, parasitic relationships can become mutualistic over time?

A

true, symbiosis changes with time

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13
Q

What are the three main benefits of normal flora to the host?

A
  1. synthesize vitamins
  2. prevent pathogen colonization
  3. produce substances that inhibit non-indigenous bacterial species
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14
Q

What are another 3 functions of the normal flora?

A
  1. stimulate development of certain tissues
  2. produce anti-bodies
  3. affect mental and physical health
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15
Q

t or f, your normal flora can cause infection / disease

A

true, if your normal flora is disrupted one may grow out of control and affect you.

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16
Q

what is opportunistic infection? what is pathogenicity? What are obligate pathogens? What is life?

A
  1. opportunistic infection is when your normal flora become pathogenic
  2. pathogenicity is the ability of a microbe to cause disease
  3. obligate pathogens do NOT associate with their host except in the case of disease.
  4. life’s good
17
Q

what is the difference between a bacteria invading a host and infecting a host?

A

invade –> spread to adjacent tissues (initial entrance of bacterium)

Infect –> focal point of infection.

18
Q

what are the 7 steps to an infectious disease?

A
  1. infectious agent
  2. reservoir (chills) in area
  3. transport to host (vector/fomites)
  4. attachment/colonization
  5. invasion
  6. infection (now growth and dissemination occurs)
  7. departure from host which spreads disease
19
Q

what is constitutive defence?

A

natural / innate defence. general protection common to all animals

20
Q

what is inducible defence

A

immune system that must be turned on upon pathogenic exposure.

21
Q

what is toxigenesis?

A

ability to produce toxins

22
Q

what are bacterial toxins?

A

soluble substances that alter the normal metabolism of host cells with deleterious effects on the host.

23
Q

what is an endotoxin?

A

LPS is a example. These are associated with the cell wall of gram negative bacteria . These are only released if the cell lyses)

24
Q

what is an exotoxin?

A

these are proteins. these are released from bacterial cells and may act at tissue sites removed from the site of bacteria.

25
Q

explain exotoxin characteristics

A
  • soluble proteins secreted by bacteria during exponential growth
  • specific with bacterial strains
  • virulent strains are toxin producers
26
Q

Exotoxin effects: Damage to cell membranes

A

causes integrity of cell membrane to weaken allowing for cell lysis and infection spread to occur

27
Q

Exotoxin effects: inhibit protein synthesis

A

self-explan

28
Q

Exotoxin effects: activate 2nd messengers

A

these toxins can target cells and alter their functionality of proteins without directly killing the target cell.

29
Q

Exotoxin effects: effects on Nt’s

A

endotoxins can inhibit the release of nt’s such ach innervating muscle. can alos promote the continued release of nt’s. `

30
Q

Exotoxin effects: activate the host immune response..

A
  • super-antigens (immunopathology)
  • e.g. massive amount of cytokines being released
    TSST = toxic shock syndrome toxin

MICRO (28 decks)

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