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Human Physiology > Major Trends for Exam 4 > Flashcards

Major Trends for Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity: Immune Response

What happens to blood vessels during an immune response

mast cells secrete factors that mediate this

A

vasodilation = ↑ vascular permeability

vasocontriction = slow down immune response/ decrease vascular permeabil

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2
Q

Immunity

What leads to chronic systemic inflammation?

A
  1. inflamed synovium = no physical activity = accumulation of visceral fat = macrophage infiltration
  2. sarcopenia
  3. anaemia
  4. type 2 diabetes mellitus
  5. atherosclerosis
  6. alzhiemer disease
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3
Q

Immunity

What happens to the rate of immune response after second/reexposure?

A

faster and stronger

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4
Q

Kidneys

Amount of Excreted Solute Equation

A

Amount Filtered - Amount Reabsorbed + Amount Secreted
[F - R + S = E]

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5
Q

Kidney

Net Filtration Pressure

A

(Pressure Forcing Out) - (Pressure Pulling In)
(CHP + BCP) - (BHP + CCP)
(Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure + Bowman’s Colloid Pressure) - (Bownman’s Hydrostatic Pressure + Capillary Colloid Pressure)

(-) = movement into blood vessel
(+) = movement out of blood vessel

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6
Q

Kidney

Net Filtration Pressure and GFR

A

↑ NFP = ↑GFP
↓NFP = ↓GFP

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7
Q

Kidney

Koishikowr’s Protein Concetration Effects on Kidneys

A

↓ concentration of protein in capillary = water attracted to proteins = more materials fall into the kidneys and more proteins are excreted

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8
Q

Kidneys

ANP and GFR

Myogenic Mechanism for Autoregulation

A

Heart working too hard = ANP released = ↑GFR
Puts Na+ in urine = water follows = ↓BP

overstretch of the heart leads to release of ANP from atria

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9
Q

Kidney

Nitric Oxide and GFR

Tubuloglomerular Feedback for Autoregulation

A

When GFR is high = less NO release = no dilation = VASOCONSTRICTION

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10
Q

Kidney

Afferent Constriction

Neural Autoregulation: Norepinepherine = Vasoconstriction

A

Due to ↑BP = ↓GFR = ↓fluid into kidney
Result: ↓BP = ↓BV

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11
Q

Kidney

Efferent Constriction

Neural Autoregulation: Norepinepherine = Vasoconstriction

A

Due to ↓BP = ↑GFR = ↑Fluid in kidneys
Result: ↑BP = ↑BV

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12
Q

Kidney

Myogenic Mechanism in Response to ↑BP

A

↑BP = ↑stretch = ↑contraction = AFFERENT VASOCONSTRICTION = ↓GFR = ↓BP

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13
Q

Kidney

Myogenic Mechanism in Response to ↓BP

A

↓BP = ↓Stretch = ↓Contraction (relaxation) = AFFERENT VASODILATION = ↑GFR = ↑BP

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14
Q

Kidneys

Tubuloglomerular Feedback in Response to ↑BP

A

↑BP = ↑GFR = ↑NaCl excretion = ↑adenosine release onto Afferent = AFFERENT VASOCONSTRICTION = ↓GFR = ↓BP

also less NO release
more adenosine = X JGA cells secrete renin = ↓ BP

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15
Q

Tubuloglomerular Feedback in Response to ↓BP

A

↓BP = ↓GFR = ↑NO release onto Afferent = AFFERENT VASODILATION = ↑GFR = ↑BP

also less adenosine release = JGA cells secrete Renin = increases BP

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16
Q

Neural Regulation in Response to ↓BP

only occurs if BP is extremely low

A

AFFERENT VASOCONSTRICTION = to get more blood flow to other organs that are higher priority = ↓GFR = vasocontriction of systemic vessels = ↑BP

JGA cells release renin to ↑BP

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17
Q

Kidney

Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System in Response to ↓BP

A

↓BP = JGA cells release Renin = renin cleaves into angiotensinogen = angiotensinogen I = ACE converts ANG I to angiotensinogen II =

ANG II stimulates aldosterone release = ↑Na+ release = water follows (reabsorption) = ↑BP

ANG II also stimulates ADH release = opens aquaporins in collecting duct = ↑H2O reabsoprtion = ↑BP

ANG II does EFFERENT VASOCONSTRICTION = ↑GFR = ↑reabsorption of Na+ and H2O = ↑BP

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18
Q

Kidney

Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System in Response to ↑BP

A

↑BP = heart releases ANP = ANP blocks ANG II function

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19
Q

Kidney

Clearance of X < GFR

A

Net Reabsorption of X

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20
Q

Kidney

Clearance of X > GFR

A

Net secretion of X

21
Q

Kidney

Clearance of X = GFR

A

X is niether reabsobed nor secreted

22
Q

Kidney

Glucose Clearance

A

0 mL/min
No glucose excreted

23
Q

Kidney

Inulin Clearance

A

100 mL/min
100% inulin excreted

24
Q

Kidney

Urea Clearance

A

50 mL/min
50% urea excreted

25
Q

Kidney

Penicillin Clearance

PAH effect on Penicillin also?

A

150 mL/min
More penicillin is excreted than was filtered
PAH increases penicillin’s half-life

26
Q

Kidney

Vasopressin/ADH

A

causes insertion of aquaporins channels to increase water retention and BP

27
Q

Kidney

What happens if you block aldosterone release?

A

↑Na+ in urine & ↑K+ in blood = hyperkalemia
↑K+ = cells more excitable because closer to threshold

28
Q

Kidney

Acidosis

Intercalated A Cells

A

HCO3- = REABSORPTION
H+ = Excretion

retain bicarb, release H+

29
Q

Kidneys

Alkalosis

Intercalated B Cells

A

HCO3- = CREATION + EXCRETION
(Cl- exchange)

retain H+, release bicarb

30
Q

Kidney

Acidocis (Respiratory)

A

↑PCO2 = ↑H+ = ↓pH = ↑HCO3-

31
Q

Kidney

Acidosis (Metabolic)

A

Normal or ↓PCO2 = ↑H+ = ↓pH = ↓HCO3-

32
Q

Kidney

Alkalosis (Respiratory)

A

↓PCO2 = ↓H+ =↑pH = ↓HCO3-

33
Q

Kidney

Alkalosis (Metabolic)

A

Normal or ↑ = ↓H+ = ↑pH = ↑HCO3-

34
Q

Digestive

Alkaline Tide

A

during digestion of a meal, temporary increase ↑ blood pH as H+ is released into stomach and bicarb into interstitium

35
Q

Digestive

What happens to pepsin and gastric lipase under neutral duodenum pH?

A

they stop working

36
Q

Digestive

What does exocrine pancreas release

A

bicarb, pancreatic enzymes, pancreatic lipase, peptidase

37
Q

Digestive

What does endocrine pancreas release?

A

insulin

38
Q

Digestive

What pH is needed to convert pepsinogen to pepsin?

A

1.8 - 3.5

39
Q

Digestive

What pH is needed to convert pepsin to pesinogen?

A

greater than 3.5

40
Q

Digestive

What pH is needed to constantly convert pepsin back to pepsinogen or prevent pepsin formation?

A

neutral pH or above

at this point pepsinogen can’t be converted to pepsin = BAD!

41
Q

Metabolism

Fed State

A

glucose → glycogen (glycogenesis)

42
Q

Metabolism

Fasted State

A

glucose ← glycogen (glycogenolysis)

43
Q

Metabolism

alpha cells

A

17% of pancreatic islet cells
secrete glucagon

44
Q

Metabolism

beta cells

A

70% of pancreatic islet cells
secrete insulin

45
Q

Metbolism

delta cells

A

7% of pancreatic islet cells
secrete somatostatin

46
Q

Metabolism

f cells

A

6% of pancreatic islet cells
secrete pancreatic polypeptides

47
Q

Metabolism

Fed State: Insulin Dominates

A

↑Glucose oxidation, ↑glycogen synthesis, ↑fat synthesis, ↑protein synthesis

48
Q

Metabolism

Fasted State: Glucagon dominates

A

↑Glycogenolysis
↑Gluconeogenesis
↑Ketogenesis

Human Physiology (4 decks)

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