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Human Physiology > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the barriers in immunity?

A

physical: skin, mucosae, mucus, and other secretion
mechanical: flushing mechanisms, such as cilia, fluid flow
chemical: enzyme and antibodies; pH

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2
Q

Innate Immune Response

A

rapid, nonspecific, no memory

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3
Q

Innate Immune Response Cells & Chemicals

A

Cells:
macrophages
neutrophils
natural killer cells
dendritic cells
eosinophils
basophils
Chemicals:
complement
interferons

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4
Q

Adaptive Immune Response

A

slow, specific, memory

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5
Q

Adaptive Immunity Cell-Mediated Response Cells

A

B lymphocytes = plasma cells
T lymphocytes = cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, regulatory T cells

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6
Q

Adaptive Immunity Antibody-Mediated Response Chemicals

A

Antibodies

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7
Q

Macrophage: Origin, Location & Function

A

Origin: monocytes from committed progenitor cells
Location: tissues
Function: phagocytosis, antigen presentation to T cells

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8
Q

Neutrophil: Origin, Location, & Function

A

Origin: committed progenitor cells
Location: Circulation
Function: phagocytosis, degranulation (discharge of contents of a cell), release cytokines

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9
Q

Eosinophils: Origin, Location, & Function

A

Origin: committed progenitor cells
Location: circulation
Function: degranulation, the release of enzymes, growth factors, cytokines, continue to inflame (allergic reactions and parasitic diseases)

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10
Q

Basophils: Origin, Location, & Function

A

Origin: committed progenitor cells
Location: ciruclation
Function: degranulation, release of histamines, cytokines, and enzymes [mediate allergic reactions and inflammation]

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11
Q

Mast Cells: Origin, Location, & Function

A

Origin: committed progenitor cells
Location: tissues
Function: degranulation, the release of histamines, cytokines, and enzymes [mediate allergic reactions and inflammation]

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12
Q

T Lymphocyte: Origin, Location, & Function

A

Origin: Lymphocyte stem cells –> Thymus
Location: Circulation
Function: specific responses to invaders (depends on type: cytotoxic, helper, or regulatory T cells)

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13
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells: Origin & Function

A

Origin: type of T lymphocyte
Function: (CD8+) cell destruction, especially of cancer cells and cells infected with viruses

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14
Q

Helper T Cells: Origin & Function

A

Origin: type of T lymphocyte
Function: (CD4+) immune response mediators, activate other immune cells to fight infection

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15
Q

Regulatory T Cells: Origin & Function

A

Origin: type of T cell
Function: suppress the immune system to maintain homeostasis and self-tolerance; prevent excessive immune response

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16
Q

Monocyte: Origin, Location, & Function

A

Origin: committed progenitor cells
Location: Circulation
Function: differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells to elicit an immune response

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17
Q

Natural Killer Cell: Origin, Location, & Function

A

Origin: Lymphocyte stem cells
Location: Circulation
Function: tumor rejection, destruction of infected cells, releases perforin and granzymes to induce apoptosis, NONSPECIFIC immune response

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18
Q

Dendritic Cells: Origin, Location, & Function

A

Origin: committed progenitor cells –> monocyte
Location: tissue
Function: antigen-presenting cells, presents antigen to T cells

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19
Q

B Lymphocytes: Origin, Location, & Function

A

Origin: lymphocyte stem cells
Location: Circulation
Function: recognize the antigen, antibody production, and cell-mediated immune response

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20
Q

Plasma Cells: Origins & Function

A

Origin: B lymphocytes
Function: produce antibodies

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21
Q

Memory Cells: Origins & Function

A

Origin: B lymphocytes
Function: memorize the characteristics of the antigen that activated the parent B or T cell produced a faster immune response upon second exposure

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22
Q

Chemotaxins

A

molecules that attract phagocytes to a site of infection

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23
Q

Opsonins

A

proteins that coat pathogens so that phagocytes recognize and ingest them

24
Q

pyrogens

A

fever producing substances

25
Q

acute phase proteins

A

liver proteins that act as opsonins and that enhance the inflammatory response

26
Q

bradykinin

A

stimulate pain receptors; vasodialator

27
Q

complement proteins

A

plasma and cell membrane proteins that act as opsonins, cytolytic agents, and mediators of inflammation

28
Q

C-reactive proteins

A

opsonin that activates complement cascade

29
Q

Granzymes

A

cytotoxic enzymes that initiate apoptosis

30
Q

heparin

A

anticoagulant

31
Q

histamine

A

vasodilator and bronchoconstrictor released by mast cells and basophils

32
Q

Interferons (IFN)

A

cytokines that inhibit viral replication and modulate the immune response

33
Q

interleukins (IL)

A

cytokines secreted by leukocytes to act primarily on other leukocytes; IL-1 (pyrogens) mediates inflammatory response and induces fever

34
Q

Kinins

A

plasma proteins that activate to form bradykinin

35
Q

Lysosome

A

an extracellular enzyme that attacks bacteria

36
Q

membrane attack complex

A

a membrane pore protein made in the complement cascade

37
Q

perforin

A

a membrane pore protein that allows granzymes to enter the cell; made by NK and cytotoxic T cells

38
Q

Superoxide anion (O2)

A

powerful oxidant in phagocyte lysosomes

39
Q

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

A

cytokines that promote inflammation and that can cause cells to self-destruct through apoptosis

40
Q

Grave’s Disease (Hyperthyroidism):
Antibodies produced against

A

TSH receptor on the thyroid cells

41
Q

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus:
Antibodies produced against

A

pancreatic beta cell antigens

42
Q

Multiple Sclerosis:
Antibodies produced against

A

The myelin of CNS neurons

43
Q

Myasthenia gravis:
Antibodies produced against

A

Ach receptor of of motor endplate

44
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis:
Antibodies produced against

A

collagen

45
Q

Systematic lupus erythematosus:
Antibodies produced against

A

intracellular nucleic acid-protein complexes (anticellular antibodies)

46
Q

Guillan-Barre Syndrome (acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy):
Antibodies produced against

A

Myelin of peripheral nerves

47
Q

Function and Shape of IgA

A

External secreations: tears, saliva, muscus, milk (can be transferred to baby)
Shape: Dimer, alpha-heavy chains

48
Q

Function and Shape of IgE

A

Parasites and allergic reaction; can induce anaphalaxis; tag on to mast cells during second exposure of allergen
Shape: monomer, epslion heavy chains

49
Q

Function and Shape of IgG

A

75% in blood plasma, 2nd responders, some active complement; enhance opsonization or phagocytosis, neutralize viruses (neutralization by binding to capsid of virus), passive immunity to baby
Shape: monomer, gamma heavy chains

50
Q

Function and Shape of IgM

A

1st responder, blood group, complement activation, on surface of B lymphocytes, enhance opsonization, 10 antigen binding sites
Shape: pentamer or monomer (used as B-cell receptor on plasma cells in monomer form), µ heavy chains, disulfide bridges betwen Fc region on heavy chains

51
Q

Function and Shape IgD

A

? on B-lymphocytes, ? B-cell receptor
Shape: monomer, δ heavy chains

52
Q

Blood Type O:
Antigen on Red Blood Cell?
Antibodies in Plasma?

A

Antigen: none
Antibodies: A and B

53
Q

Blood Type A:
Antigen on Red Blood Cell?
Antibodies in Plasma?

A

Antigen: A
Antibodies: B

54
Q

Blood Type B:
Antigen on Red Blood Cell?
Antibodies in Plasma?

A

Antigen: B
Antibodies: A

55
Q

Blood Type AB:
Antigen on Red Blood Cell?
Antibodies in Plasma?

A

Antigen: A and B
Antibodies: none

56
Q

MHC I

A

All nucleated cells
Presentation of antigens to cytotoxic T cells

57
Q

MCH II

A

SWAT Team
Held by antigen presenting cells
Presentation of antigens to helper T cells

Human Physiology (4 decks)

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