Immune System Flashcards
What are the barriers in immunity?
physical: skin, mucosae, mucus, and other secretion
mechanical: flushing mechanisms, such as cilia, fluid flow
chemical: enzyme and antibodies; pH
Innate Immune Response
rapid, nonspecific, no memory
Innate Immune Response Cells & Chemicals
Cells:
macrophages
neutrophils
natural killer cells
dendritic cells
eosinophils
basophils
Chemicals:
complement
interferons
Adaptive Immune Response
slow, specific, memory
Adaptive Immunity Cell-Mediated Response Cells
B lymphocytes = plasma cells
T lymphocytes = cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, regulatory T cells
Adaptive Immunity Antibody-Mediated Response Chemicals
Antibodies
Macrophage: Origin, Location & Function
Origin: monocytes from committed progenitor cells
Location: tissues
Function: phagocytosis, antigen presentation to T cells
Neutrophil: Origin, Location, & Function
Origin: committed progenitor cells
Location: Circulation
Function: phagocytosis, degranulation (discharge of contents of a cell), release cytokines
Eosinophils: Origin, Location, & Function
Origin: committed progenitor cells
Location: circulation
Function: degranulation, the release of enzymes, growth factors, cytokines, continue to inflame (allergic reactions and parasitic diseases)
Basophils: Origin, Location, & Function
Origin: committed progenitor cells
Location: ciruclation
Function: degranulation, release of histamines, cytokines, and enzymes [mediate allergic reactions and inflammation]
Mast Cells: Origin, Location, & Function
Origin: committed progenitor cells
Location: tissues
Function: degranulation, the release of histamines, cytokines, and enzymes [mediate allergic reactions and inflammation]
T Lymphocyte: Origin, Location, & Function
Origin: Lymphocyte stem cells –> Thymus
Location: Circulation
Function: specific responses to invaders (depends on type: cytotoxic, helper, or regulatory T cells)
Cytotoxic T Cells: Origin & Function
Origin: type of T lymphocyte
Function: (CD8+) cell destruction, especially of cancer cells and cells infected with viruses
Helper T Cells: Origin & Function
Origin: type of T lymphocyte
Function: (CD4+) immune response mediators, activate other immune cells to fight infection
Regulatory T Cells: Origin & Function
Origin: type of T cell
Function: suppress the immune system to maintain homeostasis and self-tolerance; prevent excessive immune response
Monocyte: Origin, Location, & Function
Origin: committed progenitor cells
Location: Circulation
Function: differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells to elicit an immune response
Natural Killer Cell: Origin, Location, & Function
Origin: Lymphocyte stem cells
Location: Circulation
Function: tumor rejection, destruction of infected cells, releases perforin and granzymes to induce apoptosis, NONSPECIFIC immune response
Dendritic Cells: Origin, Location, & Function
Origin: committed progenitor cells –> monocyte
Location: tissue
Function: antigen-presenting cells, presents antigen to T cells
B Lymphocytes: Origin, Location, & Function
Origin: lymphocyte stem cells
Location: Circulation
Function: recognize the antigen, antibody production, and cell-mediated immune response
Plasma Cells: Origins & Function
Origin: B lymphocytes
Function: produce antibodies
Memory Cells: Origins & Function
Origin: B lymphocytes
Function: memorize the characteristics of the antigen that activated the parent B or T cell produced a faster immune response upon second exposure
Chemotaxins
molecules that attract phagocytes to a site of infection
Opsonins
proteins that coat pathogens so that phagocytes recognize and ingest them
pyrogens
fever producing substances
acute phase proteins
liver proteins that act as opsonins and that enhance the inflammatory response
bradykinin
stimulate pain receptors; vasodialator
complement proteins
plasma and cell membrane proteins that act as opsonins, cytolytic agents, and mediators of inflammation
C-reactive proteins
opsonin that activates complement cascade
Granzymes
cytotoxic enzymes that initiate apoptosis
heparin
anticoagulant
histamine
vasodilator and bronchoconstrictor released by mast cells and basophils
Interferons (IFN)
cytokines that inhibit viral replication and modulate the immune response
interleukins (IL)
cytokines secreted by leukocytes to act primarily on other leukocytes; IL-1 (pyrogens) mediates inflammatory response and induces fever
Kinins
plasma proteins that activate to form bradykinin
Lysosome
an extracellular enzyme that attacks bacteria
membrane attack complex
a membrane pore protein made in the complement cascade
perforin
a membrane pore protein that allows granzymes to enter the cell; made by NK and cytotoxic T cells
Superoxide anion (O2)
powerful oxidant in phagocyte lysosomes
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
cytokines that promote inflammation and that can cause cells to self-destruct through apoptosis
Grave’s Disease (Hyperthyroidism):
Antibodies produced against
TSH receptor on the thyroid cells
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus:
Antibodies produced against
pancreatic beta cell antigens
Multiple Sclerosis:
Antibodies produced against
The myelin of CNS neurons
Myasthenia gravis:
Antibodies produced against
Ach receptor of of motor endplate
Rheumatoid arthritis:
Antibodies produced against
collagen
Systematic lupus erythematosus:
Antibodies produced against
intracellular nucleic acid-protein complexes (anticellular antibodies)
Guillan-Barre Syndrome (acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy):
Antibodies produced against
Myelin of peripheral nerves
Function and Shape of IgA
External secreations: tears, saliva, muscus, milk (can be transferred to baby)
Shape: Dimer, alpha-heavy chains
Function and Shape of IgE
Parasites and allergic reaction; can induce anaphalaxis; tag on to mast cells during second exposure of allergen
Shape: monomer, epslion heavy chains
Function and Shape of IgG
75% in blood plasma, 2nd responders, some active complement; enhance opsonization or phagocytosis, neutralize viruses (neutralization by binding to capsid of virus), passive immunity to baby
Shape: monomer, gamma heavy chains
Function and Shape of IgM
1st responder, blood group, complement activation, on surface of B lymphocytes, enhance opsonization, 10 antigen binding sites
Shape: pentamer or monomer (used as B-cell receptor on plasma cells in monomer form), µ heavy chains, disulfide bridges betwen Fc region on heavy chains
Function and Shape IgD
? on B-lymphocytes, ? B-cell receptor
Shape: monomer, δ heavy chains
Blood Type O:
Antigen on Red Blood Cell?
Antibodies in Plasma?
Antigen: none
Antibodies: A and B
Blood Type A:
Antigen on Red Blood Cell?
Antibodies in Plasma?
Antigen: A
Antibodies: B
Blood Type B:
Antigen on Red Blood Cell?
Antibodies in Plasma?
Antigen: B
Antibodies: A
Blood Type AB:
Antigen on Red Blood Cell?
Antibodies in Plasma?
Antigen: A and B
Antibodies: none
MHC I
All nucleated cells
Presentation of antigens to cytotoxic T cells
MCH II
SWAT Team
Held by antigen presenting cells
Presentation of antigens to helper T cells
