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MAT > Major Scientists, Mathematicians, and Inventors > Flashcards

Major Scientists, Mathematicians, and Inventors Flashcards

1
Q

André-Marie Ampère

A

(1775-1836) French teacher and physicist whose name was given to the unit by which we measure electrical current.

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2
Q

Amedeo Avogadro

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(1776-1856) Italian scientist after whom is named Avogadro’s Law, which states, “Equal volumes of different gases, pressure and temperature being equal, contain the same number of molecules.” Also came up with Avogadro’s number (6.02 x 10^23), which is the number of molecules in one mole of a substance.

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3
Q

Antoine Henri Becquerel

A

(1852-1908) French physicist who was one of the discoverers of radioactivity.

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4
Q

Alexander Graham Bell

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(1847-1922) American inventor of the telephone.

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5
Q

Daniel Bernoulli

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(1700-1782) Dutch-born scientist who derived the central formula of fluid dynamics.

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6
Q

Niels Henrik David Bohr

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(1885-1962) Danish scientist and major contributor to quantum theory.

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7
Q

Willis Carrier

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(1876-1950) American inventor of modern air-conditioning.

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8
Q

Rachel Carson

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(1907-1964) Influential 20th-Century American environmentalist who wrote ‘Silent Spring’, a book that is often credited with the launch of the global environmental movement.

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9
Q

Anders Celsius

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(1701-1744) Swedish astronomer who devised the Celsius temperature scale, which places 100 degrees between the freezing point (0°C) and boiling point (100°C) of pure water at sea-level air pressure.

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10
Q

Nicolaus Copernicus

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(1473-1543) Polish astronomer who founded modern astronomy and declared the sun the center of the solar system (in rejection of the geocentric theory of Ptolomy).

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11
Q

Seymour Cray

A

(1925-1996) American inventor of the Cray supercomputer.

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12
Q

Marie Curie & Pierre

A

(1867-1934) (1859-1906) Married French scientists who conducted joint research on radiation phenomena; discovered radium, polonium.

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13
Q

Charles Darwin

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(1809-1882) British naturalist who developed a theory of evolution, called natural selection, which was highly supported by real evidence.

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14
Q

Richard Dawkins

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(1941-present) British popularizer of, and contributor to, the theory of evolution, famous for such works as ‘The Selfish Gene’.

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15
Q

Rudolf Diesel

A

(1858-1913) German inventor of the internal combustion engine.

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16
Q

Thomas Alva Edison

A

(1847-1931) American inventor of the lightbulb and the phonograph, among many other important devices.

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17
Q

Albert Einstein

A

(1879-1955) German theoretical physicist who devised the Theory of Relativity and the Electromagnetic Theory of Light.

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18
Q

Euclid

A

(c. 300-275 B.C.E.) Greek mathematician known as “the father of geometry.” Wrote ‘The Elements’, the fundamental textbook of geometry.

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19
Q

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

A

(1686-1736) German physicist who invented the alcohol thermometer in 1709 and the mercury thermometer in 1714 and, in 1724, introduced the Fahrenheit temperature scale, with a freezing point of 32°F and a boiling point of 212°F.

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20
Q

Michael Faraday

A

(1791-1867) British experimental physicist, founder of the science of electromagnetism, and inventor of the earliest form of the Bunsen burner.

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21
Q

Philo T. Farnsworth

A

(1906-1971) American inventor who conceived the basic operating principles of electronic television while still a teenager.

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22
Q

Enrico Fermi

A

(1901-1954) Italian-American scientist who performed fundamental research into radioactivity, chain reactions, and the H-bomb.

23
Q

Benjamin Franklin

A

(1706-1790) American scientist, statesman, and inventor of bifocals and the lightning rod, among many other important devices.

24
Q

Galen

A

(c. 130-201) Ancient Greek physician who carefully dissected animals and gathered and wrote about all the medical knowledge of his time. First to give a diagnosis by taking a person’s pulse.

25
Q

Galileo

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(1564-1642) Italian astronomer, mathematician and physicist who used techniques of the scientific method to contribute significantly to physics and astronomy.

26
Q

Carl Friedrich Gauss

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(1777-1855) German mathematician and astronomer who made contributions to number theory.

27
Q

Gordon Gould

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(1920-2005) American inventor of the laser.

28
Q

Stephen Jay Gould

A

(1941-2002) American evolutionary biologist and popularizer of evolutionary theory through such works as ‘Ever Since Darwin’ (1977).

29
Q

Edmund Halley

A

(1656-1742) British mathematician and astronomer for whom Halley’s Comet was named.

30
Q

Werner Heisenberg

A

(1901-1976) German physicist who was a founder of quantum mechanics and who formulated the uncertainty principle.

31
Q

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz

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(1857-1894) German-Jewish physicist who conducted pioneering studies on electromagnetic waves. The hertz (SI unit of frequency) is named for him.

32
Q

Hippocrates

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(c. 460-377 B.C.E.) Ancient Greek physician, considered the father of medicine, whose ethics formed the basis of the Hippocratic Oath pledged by modern doctors.

33
Q

Johannes Kepler

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(1571-1630) German astronomer, mathematician, and physicist and developer of the laws of planetary motion.

34
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

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(1744-1829) French naturalist, whose theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics was later refuted by the work of Darwin.

35
Q

Louis Leakey

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(1903-1972) British archaeologist, who, in East Africa, discovered the fossilized remains of a number of “pre-men.”

36
Q

Joseph Lister

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(1827-1912) British surgeon who pioneered antiseptic methods.

37
Q

Guglielmo Marchese Marconi

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(1874-1937) Italian inventor of the radio.

38
Q

James Clerk Maxwell

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(1831-1879) Scottish physicist who created a celebrated set of equations for the basic laws of electricity and magnetism.

39
Q

Barbara McClintock

A

(1902-1992) American cytogeneticist who discovered moving genetic material known as transposons, or “jumping genes.”

40
Q

Gregor Johann Mendel

A

(1822-1884) Austrian monk and botanist who proved the existence of dominant and recessive characteristics in living things (Mendelian law), forming the basis of modern genetics.

41
Q

Dmitri Mendeleev

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(1834-1907) Russian chemist; one of two scientists who invented the modern periodic table of elements.

42
Q

Samuel F. B. Morse

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(1791-1872) American inventor who invented the electric telegraph and Morse code.

43
Q

Sir Isaac Newton

A

(1642-1727) British mathematician, natural philosopher (physicist), and inventor who was primarily responsible for the mechanistic theory that accounts for the perceivable universal (Law of Universal Gravitation). Independently and simultaneously, he and Gottfried Wilhelm von Liebnitz discovered the branch of mathematics known as calculus. Also invented the reflecting telescope.

44
Q

Alfred Nobel

A

(1833-1896) Swedish industrialist, engineer, and inventor of dynamite. Bequeathed his wealth to the creation of the Nobel Prize.

45
Q

Blaise Pascal

A

(1623-1662) French mathematician and man of letters, credited with the invention of the barometer and certain mathematical formulations that heralded the invention of the differential calculus. Along with Pierre de Fermat (1601-1665), co-created probability theory.

46
Q

Max Planck

A

(1858-1947) German theoretical physicist who originated quantum theory and came up with Planck’s constant, h = 6.626 x 10^-34.

47
Q

Ptolemy

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(c. 90-168) Ancient Greek astronomer who developed the geocentric theory of the solar system, which was later rejected by Copernicus.

48
Q

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen

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(1845-1923) German scientist who discovered X-rays.

49
Q

Albert Sabin

A

(1906-1993) Polish-American scientist who developed an oral vaccine against polio.

50
Q

Nikola Tesla

A

(1856-1943) Serbian-American inventor and researcher who discovered the rotating magnetic field, the basis of most alternating-current machinery. Colleague and then rival of Thomas Edison.

51
Q

Count Alessandro Volta

A

(1745-1827) Italian physicist who gave name to volt, describing a unit of electric pressure; developed the theory of current electricity; invented the electric battery.

52
Q

James D. Watson

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(1928-present) American biophysicist who along with Francis Crick (1916-2004, British) discovered the structure of the DNA molecule (double helix).

53
Q

Alfred Wegener

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(1880-1930) German originator of the theory of continental drift, which evolved into the theory of tectonic plates.

54
Q

Jonas Salk

A

(1914-1995) American scientist who developed the first vaccine against polio.

MAT (29 decks)

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