Major researchers and info on their work T1 Flashcards
Myers; Sport
Health benefits of exercise relating to heart, neurotransmitters and life expectancy.
Canada, Sport
Statistics (Canada, 1999): health correlation, exercise = benefits, lack of = deficit.
Ainsworth and Bowlby, Culture
-STRANGE SITUATION (testing within a room, mum leaves, child stays in room. Mother re-enters later on, sometimes another woman enters. Varied)
-The type of relationship between Mother and Child dependent on how sensitive and responsive the mothers were to their child’s signals and that the nature of this relationship was shown through the infants responses to the stresses within the situation.
Type A(anxious avoidant) Type B (Secure base) Type C (anxious resistant)
→Sugi and Collegues, culture
- Suggests that early-rearing techniques/practices can lead to differences in the proportion for each attachment type.
- Tested out the ‘Strange Situation’ to see if it’s culturally sensitive. Double blind procedure followed; reduced bias to minimum.
- Tested the practices of traditional Israeli ‘Kibbutzim’ versus standard home-based
- High % type C; due to infant sleeping arrangements.
- Research shows that more time spent w parents, less clingy later on. Anxious-avoideant % much higher in traditional versus home sleepers.
→Heural and colleagues, culture
- Test on comparing cultural groups in the Netherlands.
- Compared Turkish/Moroccan with Dutch children.
- They thought that the child’s background culture would affect how they thought about themselves.
- Dutch children→ individualistic (Western)
- Moroccan/Turkish→ more social in their answers, Collectivist.
→Markus and Kitayuma, culture
Different ideas of self
- Independent view of self: Individual Culture( US, AUS, West Europe). Detached from surrounds, see themselves as entities of attributes.
- Interdependent view of self: Collectivst culture( Japan, Asian, Africa, Latin America). Being w the surrounds/environment more important.
Kohlburg, culture
- Research: Kohlberg’s moral theory has shown that Western Individualistic cultures have higher levels of moral reasoning.
1. Pre conventional
2. Conventional
3. Post-conventional
Shweller, culture
- Evidence was thought to be culturally biased.
- Believed that levels of reasoning had a ‘Western’ cultural bias.
- EX: Washing hands before dinner, saying thanks→ conventions of culture.
- Fails to recognise the importance of values held In many collectivist cultures.
- If looking @ moral development of diff. cultures, must be able to distinguish b/w level of reasoning displayed at the values on which the reasoning is based.
Miller, Shweder
- Tested adults and children from India and the US. Asked the to answer 39 scenarios.
- PPL asked if these scenarios were wrong and how seriously morally wrong they were.
- B/w India and US; little agreement on issues. Result: Cultural context important when looking at morals.
Animal research
Lashley: Used to prove memory located across cerebral cortex; that the brain is more complex than first thought.
Sperry: Each hemisphere is responsible for different tasks.
James Olds, Peter Milner: Electrode location and simulation. Effectiveness still being studied.
Bernstein,Communication 3A
- Formed 2 forms of codes for different social classes
1. Restricted code: ‘working class’, preserving traditional roles and ways of interaction.
2. Elaborate code: ‘middle class’ developed ideas in relation to personal experience.
Examples; Restricted • Short and simple sentences, • Few descriptive words • ‘here and now’ is stressed • Abstract ideas not expressed often.
-^^^Examples: Elaborative code:
• Complex, precise sentences are used.
• Meaning is clear from the sentence alone
• Events in the past or future are referred to
• Abstract ideas and future possibilities are easily and often expressed.
-Children in working class families had a language deficit; can only use restricted code. Limited their ability to benefit from education.
Labov, Communication 3A
• Opposed Bernstein’s theory
• Worked with black children from NYC and spoke ‘Black English Vernacular (BEV)
• BEV just as complex and rule governed as standard English… Considered ‘different’ and not ‘deficient’.-
-Pointed out that language was different, not deficient.
-Because there was nothing more complex in either vernaculars/ languages.
Tannen,Communication 3A, Gender diff.
- Tannen (1990)-> observed diff. b/w M&F and the manner of their speech;
- Men; ‘report talk’: similar to Public speaking, talk to gain and hold attention, negotiate and maintain status.
- Female; ‘rapport talk’: Establishing relationships, developing understanding. Enjoy private chats more than males(majority).
Friction can occur b/w Male and females due to differences in communication styles.
- ‘Hedges’; Used to soften a request or statement-> phrase or sentiment.
- ‘Hedge’ eg: Can you clean up, if that’s okay.
Muller-lyer illusion, cognition/consciousness
• Perceptual expectancy: readiness to respond in a certain way b/c previous experience has prepared you.
•Can lead to you smell/taste/hear what’s expected due to perceptual expectancy.
-Muller-Lyer illusion;
• Two lines of equal length, each with different ends;
• 1 with arrowheads
• 1 with feather tails
• Featherhead looks bigger as its extends past line length.
Freud,personality
Key points; -Iceburg analogy: Concious Preconcious Unconcious -Psychodynamic theory ID EGO SUPEREGO -Freudian slip(wrong name) -Fixation(overindulging/addiction) -Psychosexual stages(Oral,anal,phalic,latency,genital) -Defense mechanisms -Manifest content
