Main Calculations and Essentials For ESS

Question 1

N1 Lincoln index

Answer 1

Number of species captured and marked

Question 2

N Lincoln index

Answer 2

Total estimated population

Question 3

N2 Lincoln index

Answer 3

Total number of species recaptured

Question 4

M Lincoln index

Answer 4

Total number of marked species within the recaptured sample

Question 5

Lincoln index

Answer 5

N = n1 x n2 over M

Question 6

D Simpson’s index

Answer 6

Species diversity index

Question 7

N Simpson’s index

Answer 7

Total number of organisms of all species

Question 8

n Simpson’s index

Answer 8

Total number of organisms of each species

Question 9

Σ Simpson’s index

Answer 9

Τhe sum of

Question 10

Simpson’s index formula

Answer 10

D = N ( N - 1) over Σn (n - 1)

Question 11

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Answer 11

Number of births / population size x 1000

Question 12

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Answer 12

Number of deaths / population size x 1000

Question 13

Natural increase rate

Answer 13

(Crude birth rate - crude death rate) / 10 *migration is ignored

Question 14

Doubling time

Answer 14

70 / natural increase rate

Question 15

Sustainable yield

Answer 15

annual growth and recruitment - annual death and emigration

Question 16

Sustainable yield

Answer 16

Total biomass at t + 1 over energy - total biomass at time t - energy

Question 17

Net primary productivity

Answer 17

Gross primary productivity - r (R = respiratory loss)

Question 18

Productivity is measured

Answer 18

Per unit area per unit time. EG: per metre ^2 per year

Question 19

Net secondary productivity

Answer 19

Gross secondary productivity - r (R = respiratory loss)

Question 20

Ecotourism

Answer 20

Biodiversity is the subject of aesthetic interest. People rely on wild places and living things in them for spiritual fulfilment

Question 21

Historic ozone depletion

Answer 21

Since ozone was first measured in the (??), reduction has been recorded. A reduction between 5-15% was recorded during the 1980s

Question 22

Remediation

Answer 22

The action of providing a remedy to something, in particular the reversal or stop to environmental damage

Question 23

Efficiency =

Answer 23

Work or energy produced / energy consumers

Question 24

Efficiency =

Answer 24

Useful output / useful input (x 100 if you want percentage)

Question 25

Efficiency of assimilation

Answer 25

Gross productivity x 100 over food eaten

Question 26

Efficiency of biomass productivity

Answer 26

Net productivity x 100 over gross productivity

Question 27

Aquatic food chain

Answer 27

Phytoplankton (dinoflagellates), Zooplankton (Shrimp), Tuna, Shark

Phytoplankton, Zooplankton (copepods), lantern fish, squid, tuna

Question 28

Food chain

Answer 28

Grass, grasshopper, frog, snake, hawk

Question 29

Tundra food chain

Answer 29

Grass, snowshoe hare, Canada lynx

Question 30

Forest food chain

Answer 30

Grass, Deer, Wolf

Question 31

Keystone species

Answer 31

Dominant predator whose removal allows prey population to explode decreasing overall diversity, altering the habitat around them

Question 32

Umbrella species

Answer 32

Selected for making conservation related decisions, protecting these indirectly protects the many other species that make up the ecological community of its habitat

Question 33

Carnivore

Answer 33

Animal that feeds on other animals or meat (Lion, wolves, tigers, hawks)

Question 34

Herbivore

Answer 34

Animal that feeds on plants (Rabbits, deer, zebras)

Question 35

Omnivore

Answer 35

Animal that eats both plants and animals (Humans, Bears)

Question 36

Abiotic

Answer 36

Non-living, physical factors that influence the organisms and the ecosystem, eg: temperature, sunlight, pH, salinity, pollutants (how much space there is, availability of water, light etc)

Question 37

Biotic

Answer 37

Living components of an ecosystem - organisms, their interactions or their waste, that directly or indirectas affect another organism (every relationship an organism may have, where it lives, How it responds to resources, predators, to competitors, how it alters these)

Question 38

Carrying Capacity

Answer 38

The maximum number of A species that can sustainably be supported by a given area/habitat/environment