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Urinary > Macroscopic anatomy of the urinary tract > Flashcards

Macroscopic anatomy of the urinary tract Flashcards

1
Q

Name the urine producing organ/organs.

A

Kidneys, in the nephron

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2
Q

Name the urine transporting, storing and excreting organs.

A

Renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra.

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3
Q

The kidneys are paired organs that are _____ in position.

A

Retroperitoneal

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4
Q

What species has the most mobile kidneys?

A

Cats

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5
Q

The right kidney is most cranial in all species except the _____.

A

Pig

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6
Q

Which kidney is the most mobile?

A

The left

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7
Q

Which lobe of the liver does the right kidney lie in?

A

The caudate lobe

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8
Q

The cranial pole of the left kidney is in contact with the ______ ______ of the _____ and may be in contact with the left limb of the _____

A

Greater curvature
Stomach
Pancreas

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9
Q

What structure lies directly cranial to the kidneys?

A

The adrenal glands

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10
Q

Can you see ureters on a radiograph without contrast?

A

No

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11
Q

What structure is infraperitoneal/subperitoneal?

A

The bladder

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12
Q

Which species have a multi-lobed kidney structure?

A

Pigs, cows and humans

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13
Q

Which species have a single lobed kidney structure?

A

Dog, cat, sheep and horses

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14
Q

What are the three gross sections of the kidney?

A

Capsule, cortex, medulla

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15
Q

What are the two zones of the cortex?

A

External/outer zone and internal/inner or juxtamedullary region

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16
Q

The medulla is made up of medullary _____ that border the _____

A

Pyramids

Cortex

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17
Q

The medullary pyramid is made up of:

A

Base of the pyramid (outer part), and a single renal papilla (inner part)

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18
Q

Blood is filtered in the _____ to produce urine

A

Pyramids

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19
Q

Urine is produced in the _____ _____, then passes into the _____, then into the ureter

A

Renal papilla

Calyx

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20
Q

Calyxes are split but will combine to for the ureter at the _____

A

Hilus

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21
Q

The calyxes split first into _____ ______, then into _____ _____ that border on the renal pyramids

A

Major calyxes

Minor calyxes

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22
Q

Renal columns are areas of the kidney that are linked to a _____ _____ and a _____ _____

A

Renal pyramid

Renal papilla

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23
Q

What is it that seperates the renal pyramids?

A

Renal columns

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24
Q

The renal pelvis is an area where two or more _____ converge

A

Calyxes

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25
Q

Do calyxes converge in multipyramidal kidneys?

A

No, instead they join the ureter individually without combining first

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26
Q

What is the structure of rodent kidneys?

A

Unilobar, smooth surface with no lobes, single pyramids, papillae, no pelvis.

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27
Q

Which species have pseudo-unilobar kidneys?

A

Carnivores, small bovidae, horses

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28
Q

What is he surface like on pseudo-unilobar kidneys?

A

Smooth

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29
Q

How are the lobes in pseudo-unilobar kidneys arranged, i.e. fused of separate?

A

Fused

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30
Q

Are the pyramids in pseudo-unilobar kidneys fused or separate?

A

Fused

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31
Q

Are there papillae present in the pseudo-unilobar kidneys?

A

Yes

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32
Q

What do the papillae in pseudo-unilobar kidneys fuse into?

A

Renal crest

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33
Q

Are there calices present in pseudo-unilobar kidneys?

A

No

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34
Q

Is there a renal pelvis present in pseudo-unilobar kidneys?

A

Yes

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35
Q

What type of kidney so small bovidae, carnivores and horses have?

A

Pseudo-unilobar

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36
Q

Which is the only type of kidney to not have a smooth surface?

A

Multi-lobar separate

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37
Q

How many lobes do multi-lobar/fused kidneys have?

A

Multiple

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38
Q

How many pyramids do multi-lobar/fused kidneys have?

A

Multiple

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39
Q

How many papillae do multi-lobar/fused kidneys have?

A

Multiple

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40
Q

Do multi-lobar/fused kidneys have any calices, and if yes, how many?

A

Multiple

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41
Q

Is a renal pelvis present in multi-lobar/fused kidneys?

A

Yes

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42
Q

What species have multi-lobar/fused kidneys?

A

Primates, pigs

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43
Q

How many lobes do multi-lobar/separate kidneys have?

A

Multiple

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44
Q

How many pyramids do multi-lobar/separate kidneys have?

A

Multiple

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45
Q

How many papillae do multi-lobar separate kidneys have?

A

Multiple

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46
Q

How many calices do multi-lobar/separate kidneys have?

A

Two, major and minor

47
Q

Is a renal pelvis present in multi-lobar/separate kidneys?

A

No

48
Q

Name three species that have multi-lobar/separate kidneys.

A

Large bovidae, dolphins, elephants

49
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

A common dilated region into which all of the papillary ducts open, and will become the ureter

50
Q

What are the papillary ducts?

A

Most distal part of the collecting duct

51
Q

Papillary ducts drain into the _____

A

Ureter

52
Q

Where is the renal pelvis located in the kidney?

A

The renal sinus

53
Q

The renal pelvis differs between species. In single lobed species, the renal pelvis is a large irregular structure with broad, finger-like processes known as _____. In species with multiple lobes, it is a _____ more irregular structure with short stems ending in a dilated region called _____.

A

Recesses
Smaller
Calyces

54
Q

In the cow, multiple calyces lead to a _____ proximal ureter.

A

Divided

55
Q

The ureters pass in the _____ space.

A

Retroperitoneal

56
Q

The ureters have _____ and _____ portions.

A

Pelvic

Abdominal

57
Q

In the pelvic portion, the ureter is directed _____ through the _____ _____ in females, and the _____ in males.

A

Medially
Broad ligament
Mesoductus

58
Q

The ureters join the bladder on the ____ surface of the bladder. within the _____ ligament.

A

Dorsolateral

Lateral

59
Q

The ureters open as _____.

A

Hillocks

60
Q

Ureters enter the bladder _____ and run between the musculature and mucosa. This prevents urine from being forced out of the bladder and back into the _____ into the kidneys when the _____ in the bladder increases.

A

Obliquely
Ureters
Pressure

61
Q 
The ureters are made up of four layers histologically.
1.
2.
3.
4.
A

Mucous membrane
Lamina propria
Muscular layer
Adventitia

62
Q

What type of epithelium is the mucus membrane of the ureters?

A

Transitional epithelium

63
Q

On what surface of the mucous membrane of the ureters is there protection from urine?

A

Apical

64
Q

Can the ureters be seen on ultrasound in the normal animal?

A

No, you should not be able to see them. If they can be seen, this indicates there is some pathology present

65
Q

What is a common congenital abnormality of the ureters?

A

Ectopic ureter, the ureters do not enter into the bladder correctly, usually agter the neck of the bladder resulting in constant leaking of urine.

66
Q

The ureteric folds extend from the _____ openings to the _____ of the bladder where they fuse.

A

Urethral

Neck

67
Q

The region where the ureteric folds join forms the _____ crest. This continues to the urethra.

A

Urethral

68
Q

The bladder is supported by two different ligaments.
1.
2.

A
  1. Two lateral ligaments

2. Median ligament

69
Q

Where do the lateral ligaments of the bladder insert on to?

A

Dorsal abdominal wall

70
Q

Where does the media ligament of the bladder insert on to?

A

Pelvic floor and linea alba

71
Q

Where does the urethra open in the female?

A

At the ventral wall of the vagina at the vestibulo-vaginal junction

72
Q

What does the urethra convey in the female?

A

Urine only

73
Q

The urethra is _____ and _____ in the mare.

A

Short

Wide

74
Q

The urethra is bordered by two _____ in the bitch.

A

Fossae

75
Q

The _____ and _____ have significant sub-urethral diverticulum

A

Sow

Cow

76
Q

The urethra empties at the tip of the _____ in the male.

A

Penis

77
Q

The urethra is divided into three regions in the male.
1.
2.
3.

A

Pre-prostatic portion, from the neck of the bladder to the seminal hillock
Prostatic portion, includes the openings of the deferent, vesicular and prostatic ducts
Penile portion, from ischial arch to the penile tip

78
Q

The dog has a _____ urethra.

A

Simple

79
Q

The dog has an _____ _____, which can be viewed as pathology on radiographs.

A

Os penis

80
Q

The tom has a _____ urethra, which needs to be considered during catheterisation.

A

Sigmoidal

81
Q

The cat has a small _____ _____

A

Os penis

82
Q

In the cat, the glans penis has small _____ that regress once the cat has been castrated.

A

Barbs

83
Q

The horses, the urethra is found inside of the _____ _____ of the glans penis.

A

Urethral fossa

84
Q

Pigs have a _____ urethra.

A

Simple

85
Q

The urethra is at the end of a _____ groove in the glans penis.

A

Spiral

86
Q

The urethra extends 3-4cm beyond the end of the glans penis in _____ and _____.

A

Sheep

Goats

87
Q

What is the name of the artery that supplies the kidney?

A

Renal artery

88
Q

Where does the renal artery branch from?

A

Lateral aspect of the aorta

89
Q

Does the renal artery branch before entering the kidney?

A

Yes, into dorsal and ventral branches

90
Q

The left renal artery originates _____ to the right renal artery.

A

Caudal

91
Q

The ____ renal artery arises caudal to the cranial mesenteric artery and dorsal to the caudal vena cava.

A

Right

92
Q

Which artery gives rise to the umbilical artery?

A

Internal iliac

93
Q

The umbilical artery gives rise to which artery?

A

Cranial vesicular

94
Q

Which artery gives rise to the urogential artery?

A

Internal iliac

95
Q

The urogenital artery gives rise to three different branches.
1.
2.
3.

A

Caudal vesicular
Prostatic/vaginal
Urethral

96
Q

The caudal abdominal artery and deep femoral arteries are branches of the _____ _____ artery.

A

External iliac

97
Q

The deep femoral artery gives rise to the _____ _____ artery of the bladder.

A

Middle vesicular

98
Q

The left and right renal veins are directly _____ to the renal arteries.

A

Ventral

99
Q

Order the arterial supply to the ureters:

Renal artery, cranial vesicular artery, vaginal/prostatic artery, renal artery,

A

Renal artery, renal artery, cranial vesicular artery, vaginal/protstatic artery

100
Q

The _____ _____ artery supplies the bladder.

A

Caudal vesicular

101
Q

The _____ ____ supplies the urethra.

A

Urethral artery

102
Q

The SNS and PSNS innervation to the kidneys comes from the _____ _____.

A

Solar plexus

103
Q

Nerves that innervate the kidneys follow the course of the _____ _____

A

Renal arteries

104
Q

SNS fibres form synapses in the _____ and _____ _____ ganglia.

A

Coeliac

Cranial mesenteric

105
Q

The SNS fibres to the bladder come from the _____ nerve from the caudal mesenteric plexus.

A

Hypogastric

106
Q

The PSNS supply to the bladder comes from the _____ nerve.

A

Pudendal

107
Q

The renal lymph nodes drain which organ?

A

Kidneys

108
Q

The lumbar lymph nodes drain which part of the urinary tract?

A

Ureters

109
Q

The iliosacral lymph nodes drain which organ of the urinary tract?

A

Bladder

110
Q

What is different about the blood supply to the kidneys in reptiles, fish, amphibians and birds?

A

They have a renal portal system

111
Q

Blood from the renal portal system drains blood from which part of the body?

A

Caudal body

112
Q

Birds have a _____ _____ _____ that directs blood either to or past the kidneys to elsewhere in the body if required.

A

Renal portal valve

113
Q

Injections in reptiles, amphibians and birds should not be given in the hindlimbs because of the renal portal system. Why is this?
1.
2.

A
  1. Some of the drug may be metabolised, so the animal will have lower plasma concentrations than expected/required
  2. The drug may be nephrotoxic due to it’s high concentration passing through the kidneys

Urinary (11 decks)

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