Macroscopic anatomy of the urinary tract Flashcards
Name the urine producing organ/organs.
Kidneys, in the nephron
Name the urine transporting, storing and excreting organs.
Renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra.
The kidneys are paired organs that are _____ in position.
Retroperitoneal
What species has the most mobile kidneys?
Cats
The right kidney is most cranial in all species except the _____.
Pig
Which kidney is the most mobile?
The left
Which lobe of the liver does the right kidney lie in?
The caudate lobe
The cranial pole of the left kidney is in contact with the ______ ______ of the _____ and may be in contact with the left limb of the _____
Greater curvature
Stomach
Pancreas
What structure lies directly cranial to the kidneys?
The adrenal glands
Can you see ureters on a radiograph without contrast?
No
What structure is infraperitoneal/subperitoneal?
The bladder
Which species have a multi-lobed kidney structure?
Pigs, cows and humans
Which species have a single lobed kidney structure?
Dog, cat, sheep and horses
What are the three gross sections of the kidney?
Capsule, cortex, medulla
What are the two zones of the cortex?
External/outer zone and internal/inner or juxtamedullary region
The medulla is made up of medullary _____ that border the _____
Pyramids
Cortex
The medullary pyramid is made up of:
Base of the pyramid (outer part), and a single renal papilla (inner part)
Blood is filtered in the _____ to produce urine
Pyramids
Urine is produced in the _____ _____, then passes into the _____, then into the ureter
Renal papilla
Calyx
Calyxes are split but will combine to for the ureter at the _____
Hilus
The calyxes split first into _____ ______, then into _____ _____ that border on the renal pyramids
Major calyxes
Minor calyxes
Renal columns are areas of the kidney that are linked to a _____ _____ and a _____ _____
Renal pyramid
Renal papilla
What is it that seperates the renal pyramids?
Renal columns
The renal pelvis is an area where two or more _____ converge
Calyxes
Do calyxes converge in multipyramidal kidneys?
No, instead they join the ureter individually without combining first
What is the structure of rodent kidneys?
Unilobar, smooth surface with no lobes, single pyramids, papillae, no pelvis.
Which species have pseudo-unilobar kidneys?
Carnivores, small bovidae, horses
What is he surface like on pseudo-unilobar kidneys?
Smooth
How are the lobes in pseudo-unilobar kidneys arranged, i.e. fused of separate?
Fused
Are the pyramids in pseudo-unilobar kidneys fused or separate?
Fused
Are there papillae present in the pseudo-unilobar kidneys?
Yes
What do the papillae in pseudo-unilobar kidneys fuse into?
Renal crest
Are there calices present in pseudo-unilobar kidneys?
No
Is there a renal pelvis present in pseudo-unilobar kidneys?
Yes
What type of kidney so small bovidae, carnivores and horses have?
Pseudo-unilobar
Which is the only type of kidney to not have a smooth surface?
Multi-lobar separate
How many lobes do multi-lobar/fused kidneys have?
Multiple
How many pyramids do multi-lobar/fused kidneys have?
Multiple
How many papillae do multi-lobar/fused kidneys have?
Multiple
Do multi-lobar/fused kidneys have any calices, and if yes, how many?
Multiple
Is a renal pelvis present in multi-lobar/fused kidneys?
Yes
What species have multi-lobar/fused kidneys?
Primates, pigs
How many lobes do multi-lobar/separate kidneys have?
Multiple
How many pyramids do multi-lobar/separate kidneys have?
Multiple
How many papillae do multi-lobar separate kidneys have?
Multiple
How many calices do multi-lobar/separate kidneys have?
Two, major and minor
Is a renal pelvis present in multi-lobar/separate kidneys?
No
Name three species that have multi-lobar/separate kidneys.
Large bovidae, dolphins, elephants
What is the renal pelvis?
A common dilated region into which all of the papillary ducts open, and will become the ureter
What are the papillary ducts?
Most distal part of the collecting duct
Papillary ducts drain into the _____
Ureter
Where is the renal pelvis located in the kidney?
The renal sinus
The renal pelvis differs between species. In single lobed species, the renal pelvis is a large irregular structure with broad, finger-like processes known as _____. In species with multiple lobes, it is a _____ more irregular structure with short stems ending in a dilated region called _____.
Recesses
Smaller
Calyces
In the cow, multiple calyces lead to a _____ proximal ureter.
Divided
The ureters pass in the _____ space.
Retroperitoneal
The ureters have _____ and _____ portions.
Pelvic
Abdominal
In the pelvic portion, the ureter is directed _____ through the _____ _____ in females, and the _____ in males.
Medially
Broad ligament
Mesoductus
The ureters join the bladder on the ____ surface of the bladder. within the _____ ligament.
Dorsolateral
Lateral
The ureters open as _____.
Hillocks
Ureters enter the bladder _____ and run between the musculature and mucosa. This prevents urine from being forced out of the bladder and back into the _____ into the kidneys when the _____ in the bladder increases.
Obliquely
Ureters
Pressure
The ureters are made up of four layers histologically. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Mucous membrane
Lamina propria
Muscular layer
Adventitia
What type of epithelium is the mucus membrane of the ureters?
Transitional epithelium
On what surface of the mucous membrane of the ureters is there protection from urine?
Apical
Can the ureters be seen on ultrasound in the normal animal?
No, you should not be able to see them. If they can be seen, this indicates there is some pathology present
What is a common congenital abnormality of the ureters?
Ectopic ureter, the ureters do not enter into the bladder correctly, usually agter the neck of the bladder resulting in constant leaking of urine.
The ureteric folds extend from the _____ openings to the _____ of the bladder where they fuse.
Urethral
Neck
The region where the ureteric folds join forms the _____ crest. This continues to the urethra.
Urethral
The bladder is supported by two different ligaments.
1.
2.
- Two lateral ligaments
2. Median ligament
Where do the lateral ligaments of the bladder insert on to?
Dorsal abdominal wall
Where does the media ligament of the bladder insert on to?
Pelvic floor and linea alba
Where does the urethra open in the female?
At the ventral wall of the vagina at the vestibulo-vaginal junction
What does the urethra convey in the female?
Urine only
The urethra is _____ and _____ in the mare.
Short
Wide
The urethra is bordered by two _____ in the bitch.
Fossae
The _____ and _____ have significant sub-urethral diverticulum
Sow
Cow
The urethra empties at the tip of the _____ in the male.
Penis
The urethra is divided into three regions in the male.
1.
2.
3.
Pre-prostatic portion, from the neck of the bladder to the seminal hillock
Prostatic portion, includes the openings of the deferent, vesicular and prostatic ducts
Penile portion, from ischial arch to the penile tip
The dog has a _____ urethra.
Simple
The dog has an _____ _____, which can be viewed as pathology on radiographs.
Os penis
The tom has a _____ urethra, which needs to be considered during catheterisation.
Sigmoidal
The cat has a small _____ _____
Os penis
In the cat, the glans penis has small _____ that regress once the cat has been castrated.
Barbs
The horses, the urethra is found inside of the _____ _____ of the glans penis.
Urethral fossa
Pigs have a _____ urethra.
Simple
The urethra is at the end of a _____ groove in the glans penis.
Spiral
The urethra extends 3-4cm beyond the end of the glans penis in _____ and _____.
Sheep
Goats
What is the name of the artery that supplies the kidney?
Renal artery
Where does the renal artery branch from?
Lateral aspect of the aorta
Does the renal artery branch before entering the kidney?
Yes, into dorsal and ventral branches
The left renal artery originates _____ to the right renal artery.
Caudal
The ____ renal artery arises caudal to the cranial mesenteric artery and dorsal to the caudal vena cava.
Right
Which artery gives rise to the umbilical artery?
Internal iliac
The umbilical artery gives rise to which artery?
Cranial vesicular
Which artery gives rise to the urogential artery?
Internal iliac
The urogenital artery gives rise to three different branches.
1.
2.
3.
Caudal vesicular
Prostatic/vaginal
Urethral
The caudal abdominal artery and deep femoral arteries are branches of the _____ _____ artery.
External iliac
The deep femoral artery gives rise to the _____ _____ artery of the bladder.
Middle vesicular
The left and right renal veins are directly _____ to the renal arteries.
Ventral
Order the arterial supply to the ureters:
Renal artery, cranial vesicular artery, vaginal/prostatic artery, renal artery,
Renal artery, renal artery, cranial vesicular artery, vaginal/protstatic artery
The _____ _____ artery supplies the bladder.
Caudal vesicular
The _____ ____ supplies the urethra.
Urethral artery
The SNS and PSNS innervation to the kidneys comes from the _____ _____.
Solar plexus
Nerves that innervate the kidneys follow the course of the _____ _____
Renal arteries
SNS fibres form synapses in the _____ and _____ _____ ganglia.
Coeliac
Cranial mesenteric
The SNS fibres to the bladder come from the _____ nerve from the caudal mesenteric plexus.
Hypogastric
The PSNS supply to the bladder comes from the _____ nerve.
Pudendal
The renal lymph nodes drain which organ?
Kidneys
The lumbar lymph nodes drain which part of the urinary tract?
Ureters
The iliosacral lymph nodes drain which organ of the urinary tract?
Bladder
What is different about the blood supply to the kidneys in reptiles, fish, amphibians and birds?
They have a renal portal system
Blood from the renal portal system drains blood from which part of the body?
Caudal body
Birds have a _____ _____ _____ that directs blood either to or past the kidneys to elsewhere in the body if required.
Renal portal valve
Injections in reptiles, amphibians and birds should not be given in the hindlimbs because of the renal portal system. Why is this?
1.
2.
- Some of the drug may be metabolised, so the animal will have lower plasma concentrations than expected/required
- The drug may be nephrotoxic due to it’s high concentration passing through the kidneys
