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Human bio test 2 > Macronutrients: Processing and Disorders > Flashcards

Macronutrients: Processing and Disorders Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define metabolism

A

Sum of all chemical reactions essential to life

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2
Q

Define catabolism

A

Catabolic reactions:
-Breakdown
-Energy-producing

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3
Q

Define anabolism

A

Anabolic reactions:
-Biosynthesis
-Energy-requiring (store)

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4
Q

True of false: carbohydrates are the most common source of body fuel

A

True
-key = glucose

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5
Q

What are the steps of cellular respiration?

A

-Glycolysis
-Pyruvate –> acetly CoA
-Krebs cycle
-Oxidative phosphorylation

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6
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

-Cytoplasm
-1 glucose becomes 2 pyruvates
-Net ATP production: 2 ATP

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7
Q

What is pyruvate –> acetyl CoA?

A

-Mitochondria
-Preliminary step to Krebs cycle

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8
Q

What is the Krebs cycle?

A

-Mitochondria
-In presence of oxygen
-Little ATP, but high energy molecules (NADH, FADH2)

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9
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

-Mitochondria
-34 ATP produced

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10
Q

How many ATP does one glucose molecule produce?

A

36 ATP

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11
Q

Why is a lack of glucose problematic?

A

-Glucose level must be stable for cells
-Brain works better on glucose (its favorite)

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12
Q

What metabolic reaction occurs when glucose is lacking?

A

-Gluconeogenesis

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13
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

-Synthesis of new glucose
-Occurs during fasting, starvation or low-carb diets
-Performed in the liver
-From non-sugar molecules (pyruvate, glycerol, some amino acids)

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14
Q

What metabolic reaction occurs when glucose is in excess?

A

Surplus is stored:
-Glycogen (skeletal muscles and liver)
-Triglycerides in adipose tissue (adipocytes)

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15
Q

What are the pancreatic hormones and by what cells are they produced?

A

-Insulin produced by beta cells
-Glucagon produced by alpha cells

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16
Q

What insulin does in a state of hyperglycemia?

A

Lowers blood glucose level by:
1. glucose enters the cells
2. increases glycogen storage
3. inhibits gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

17
Q

What glucagon does in a state of hypoglycemia?

A

Increases blood glucose levels by:
1. Glucose stops entering cells
2. Increases glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis)
3. Stimulates gluconeogenesis

18
Q

What are the 3 types of diabetes mellitus?

A

Type I, II, and III

19
Q

What is type I diabetes mellitus?

A

-High glycemia in blood, not cells
-Insulin deficient (genetic or acquired)
-Pancreas does not produce insulin or not enough
-Treatment: diet + insulin injections

20
Q

What is type II diabetes mellitus?

A

-Constant hyperglycemia
-Environmental factors in cause (obesity)
-Starts with insulin resistance
-Treatment: diet + exercises can be enough, insulin sometimes required

21
Q

What is type III diabetes mellitus?

A

-In pregnant woman (disappears after child delivery)

22
Q

Explain lipid absorption

A

-Fatty acids absorbed in small intestine:
1. Triglycerides reform inside intestinal cells
-Packaged inside chylomicrons (lipoproteins)
-Chylomicrons: layer phospholipids + triglycerides + cholesterol + proteins
2. Chylomicrons circulate in aqueous environment
-Lymphatic and blood vessels
3. Aim for the liver or adipocytes

23
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A

-Mix of proteins and lipids
-Lipid transporters
-Hydrophobic inside and hydrophilic outside

24
Q

What are the 4 types of lipoproteins?

A

Lipids and proteins proportions vary:
-Chylomicrons
-VLDL: very low density lipoproteins
-LDL: low density lipoproteins
-HDL: high density lipoproteins

25
Q

What are VLDL?

A

-VLDL carry triglycerides (from liver to other tissues)
-In blood vessels, lipoprotein lipase slowly digests triglycerdies into fatty acids that are used by nearby cells
-As they lose triglycerides, VLDLs transform into LDLs

26
Q

What are LDL?

A

-LDLs transport cholesterol to cells needing it
-Bind on cellular receptors and enter cells
-LDL are often termed “bad” cholesterol

27
Q

What are HDL?

A

-HDL are produced by the liver as “empty pockets”
-HDLs find, absorb and transport excess circulating cholesterol back to liver (component of bile)
-HDLs are often termed “good” cholesterol

28
Q

What is measured in blood cholesterol?

A

LDL and HDL:
-Lots of LDL = high risk of coronary heart diseases
-Lots of HDL = healthy

29
Q

How can we limit cholesterol synthesis?

A

-Limit ingestion of saturated fats and trans fat
-Increase ingestion of unsaturated fats
-Ingestion of cholesterol is not a main issue

30
Q

What is lipogenesis?

A

Synthesis of lipids:
-Adipocytes and hepatocytes
-Anabolic process for long-term energy storage
-Excess glucose = too much acetyl CoA
-Converted into fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, steroids, and bile salts

31
Q

What is lypolysis?

A

Breakdown of lipids:
-Results = fatty acids + glycerol
-Fatty acids go through B-oxidation that produces acetyl CoA that enters Krebs cycle
-Glycerol enters glycolysis directly
-Yield a lot of energy through aerobic respiration
-Can help rising low blood glucose level (Acetyl CoA and glycerol serves for gluconeogenesis)

32
Q

What is ketogenesis?

A

-Accumulation of acetyl CoA (too much for Krebs cycle)
-Conversion to ketone bodies
-Ketones are potential fuel source; prolonged starvation and uncontrolled diabetes

33
Q

What is ketone body oxidation?

A

-Overproduction of ketone bodies, at one point, yields CO2 and acetone:
-Alcohol smelling breath (acetone)
-Ketoacidosis (blood acidification by CO2)

34
Q

What happens with excess proteins?

A

-Proteins are never stored:
Amino acids –> blood circulation –> liver and other body cells
In excess:
-Become glucose or ketones
-Decomposition = nitrogenous wastes (ammonium); enters into urea cycle, urea eliminated by kidneys

35
Q

How can the body obtain energy from proteins?

A

Source of energy (starvation):
-Can enter Krebs cycle and produce energy
-Can enter gluconeogenesis and produce glucose

36
Q

What is a disorder linked with proteins consumption?

A

Cardiovascular disease:
-High-protein diets include a lot of meat, which can be high in saturated fats
-These fats can raise LDL (“bad”) cholesterol levels contributing to the development of heart disease

Human bio test 2 (9 decks)

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