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Biology AS (Ms Blackie) > Macronutrients - carbohydrates > Flashcards

Macronutrients - carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

what type of compounds are macronutrients?

A

organic compounds

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2
Q

what are organic compounds?

A

means they contain a carbon chain joined to atoms of hydrogen and oxygen

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3
Q

what do carbohydrates act as?

A
  1. building blocks for more complex molecules eg ribose
  2. sources of energy
  3. energy stores
  4. structural support
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4
Q

What are the three main groups of carbohydrates?

A
  1. monosaccharides
  2. disaccharides
  3. polysaccharides
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5
Q

triose is a monosaccharide, what is it’s biological role?

A

important in metabolism, intermediates in the reactions of respiration and photosynthesis

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6
Q

pentose is a monosaccharide, what is its biological role?

A

constituent of nucleotides eg deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA

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7
Q

What do all hexose sugars have?

A

6 carbons

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8
Q

what are three examples of hexose sugars?

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

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9
Q

What are glucose, fructose and galactose and what does the difference do?

A

isomers, small differences effect taste and digestibility

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10
Q

what are isomers?

A

molecules with the same chemical formula but different arrangement of atoms

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11
Q

what is glucose’s biological role?

A

starting material for respiration, and building block of glycogen and other polypeptides

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12
Q

what are glucose’s two isomers?

A

alpha and beta

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13
Q

draw an alpha glucose and a beta glucose and state the difference between them

A

( difference is the hydrogen and hydroxyl group have been switched )

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14
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

formed by joining two monosaccharides together and forming a glycosidic bond and losing water (condesnsation reaction)

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15
Q

what makes up maltose? draw the reaction

A

alpha glucose + alpha glucose -> maltose + water

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16
Q

what are the component monosaccharides in maltose and what is its biological role?

A

glucose + glucose, in germinating seeds

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17
Q

what are the component monosaccharides in sucrose and what is its biological role?

A

glucose and fructose
transport in phloem of flowering plants

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18
Q

what are the component monosaccharides of lactose and was its biological role?

A

glucose and galactose, in mammalian milk

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19
Q

what is a polysaccharide?

A

many monosaccharides joined together

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20
Q

what are the 2 main groups of polysaccharides? give two examples

A
  1. storage polysaccharides (eg starch - plants - and glycogen - animals- )
  2. structural polysaccharides (eg cellulose - plant cell walls- and chitin -exoskeletons of orthopods- )
21
Q

what are four properties that make storage polysaccharides good storage compounds?

A
  1. unable to diffuse out of cell
  2. insoluble in water, no osmatic effect
  3. compact
  4. easily hydrolysed
22
Q

what type of glucose are starch and glycogen made up of?

A

only alpha glucose

23
Q

describe the properties of amylose

A

-unbranched polymer joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds
-glucose released by glycosidic bond
-enzyme action at both ends of the polymer (hydrolysed slower)

24
Q

describe the properties of amylopectin

A

branched polymer
glucose released by enzyme action at all endings
joined by a 1-6 glycosidic bond

25
Q

what are some similarities between amylose and amylopectin?

A
  • both have only alpha glucose monomers
  • both store glucose
  • both release glucose
  • both formed in plants
26
Q

what are some differences between amylose and amylopectin?

A
  • amylose has a helix form however amylopectin has a helix form with smaller helixes branched off sides
  • amylose is an unbranched polymer amylopectin is branched
  • amylose has a slower release of glucose
27
Q

How is glycogen similar to amylopectin?

A

same subunits but far more branched and therefore more concentrated

28
Q

where is glycogen stored in animals?

A

stored in the liver and muscles

29
Q

when is glycogen quickly hydrolised?

A

when an energy supply is needed

30
Q

what are some properties of cellulose?

A

a main structural sugar in plants
permeable to numerous substances
about 33% of plant matter
most common organic compound on earth
made up of beta glucose

31
Q

how are cellulose monomers able to form a glycosidic bond?

A

by the structure turning through 180 degrees so the OH-ions are lined up

32
Q

how do beta glucose form hydrogen bonds?

A

they do not have a helix shape and instead lie flat close together, therefore being able to form hydrogen bonds throughout

33
Q

why do beta glucose monomers lie flat?

A

b/c they have rotated throuh 180 degrees so the polymer doesn’t form a helix and instead lies flat

34
Q

How are crosslinks formed?

A

by each cellulose chain forming hydrogen bonds with parallel cellulose chains

35
Q

How are micro-fibrilis formed?

A

60-70 tightly cross-linked cellulose molecules form micro-fibrilis

36
Q

What are the bundles in which micro-fibrilis is held?

A

fibres

37
Q

why can’t humans digest cellulose?

A

we don’t produce cellulase

38
Q

what is chitin made from?

A

form beta glucose monomers

39
Q

how is chitin structurally similar to cellulose?

A

beta glucose, 1-4 glycosidic bonds and 180 degree rotations

40
Q

how is chitin different from cellulose?

A

one hydroxide group on each monomer has been replaced with one amine group

41
Q

what are some properties of chitin?

A

strong, waterproof and lightweight

42
Q

draw an alpha glucose

A
43
Q

draw a beta glucose

A
44
Q

draw the formation of maltose (alpha glucose + alpha glucose)

A
45
Q

draw an amylose

A
46
Q

draw an amylopectin

A
47
Q

draw a cellulose structure

A
48
Q

draw a chitin structure

A

Biology AS (Ms Blackie) (7 decks)

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