Macronutrients - carbohydrates Flashcards by Talia Lutenburg

what type of compounds are macronutrients?

organic compounds

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what are organic compounds?

means they contain a carbon chain joined to atoms of hydrogen and oxygen

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what do carbohydrates act as?

building blocks for more complex molecules eg ribose
sources of energy
energy stores
structural support

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What are the three main groups of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides

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triose is a monosaccharide, what is it’s biological role?

important in metabolism, intermediates in the reactions of respiration and photosynthesis

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pentose is a monosaccharide, what is its biological role?

constituent of nucleotides eg deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA

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What do all hexose sugars have?

6 carbons

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what are three examples of hexose sugars?

glucose
fructose
galactose

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What are glucose, fructose and galactose and what does the difference do?

isomers, small differences effect taste and digestibility

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what are isomers?

molecules with the same chemical formula but different arrangement of atoms

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what is glucose’s biological role?

starting material for respiration, and building block of glycogen and other polypeptides

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what are glucose’s two isomers?

alpha and beta

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draw an alpha glucose and a beta glucose and state the difference between them

( difference is the hydrogen and hydroxyl group have been switched )

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What are disaccharides?

formed by joining two monosaccharides together and forming a glycosidic bond and losing water (condesnsation reaction)

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what makes up maltose? draw the reaction

alpha glucose + alpha glucose -> maltose + water

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what are the component monosaccharides in maltose and what is its biological role?

glucose + glucose, in germinating seeds

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what are the component monosaccharides in sucrose and what is its biological role?

glucose and fructose
transport in phloem of flowering plants

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what are the component monosaccharides of lactose and was its biological role?

glucose and galactose, in mammalian milk

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what is a polysaccharide?

many monosaccharides joined together

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what are the 2 main groups of polysaccharides? give two examples

storage polysaccharides (eg starch - plants - and glycogen - animals- )
structural polysaccharides (eg cellulose - plant cell walls- and chitin -exoskeletons of orthopods- )

what are four properties that make storage polysaccharides good storage compounds?

unable to diffuse out of cell
insoluble in water, no osmatic effect
compact
easily hydrolysed

what type of glucose are starch and glycogen made up of?

only alpha glucose

describe the properties of amylose

-unbranched polymer joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds
-glucose released by glycosidic bond
-enzyme action at both ends of the polymer (hydrolysed slower)

describe the properties of amylopectin

branched polymer
glucose released by enzyme action at all endings
joined by a 1-6 glycosidic bond

what are some similarities between amylose and amylopectin?

- both have only alpha glucose monomers - both store glucose - both release glucose - both formed in plants

what are some differences between amylose and amylopectin?

- amylose has a helix form however amylopectin has a helix form with smaller helixes branched off sides - amylose is an unbranched polymer amylopectin is branched - amylose has a slower release of glucose

How is glycogen similar to amylopectin?

same subunits but far more branched and therefore more concentrated

where is glycogen stored in animals?

stored in the liver and muscles

when is glycogen quickly hydrolised?

when an energy supply is needed

what are some properties of cellulose?

a main structural sugar in plants permeable to numerous substances about 33% of plant matter most common organic compound on earth made up of beta glucose

how are cellulose monomers able to form a glycosidic bond?

by the structure turning through 180 degrees so the OH-ions are lined up

how do beta glucose form hydrogen bonds?

they do not have a helix shape and instead lie flat close together, therefore being able to form hydrogen bonds throughout

why do beta glucose monomers lie flat?

b/c they have rotated throuh 180 degrees so the polymer doesn't form a helix and instead lies flat

How are crosslinks formed?

by each cellulose chain forming hydrogen bonds with parallel cellulose chains

How are micro-fibrilis formed?

60-70 tightly cross-linked cellulose molecules form micro-fibrilis

What are the bundles in which micro-fibrilis is held?

fibres

why can't humans digest cellulose?

we don't produce cellulase

what is chitin made from?

form beta glucose monomers

how is chitin structurally similar to cellulose?

beta glucose, 1-4 glycosidic bonds and 180 degree rotations

how is chitin different from cellulose?

one hydroxide group on each monomer has been replaced with one amine group

what are some properties of chitin?

strong, waterproof and lightweight

draw an alpha glucose

draw a beta glucose

draw the formation of maltose (alpha glucose + alpha glucose)

draw an amylose

draw an amylopectin

draw a cellulose structure

draw a chitin structure