macronutrients

Question 1

mono saccharides

Answer 1

1 saccharide

glucose
fructose
galactose

Question 2

disaccharides

Answer 2

2 monos linked

glucose + glucose = maltose
glucose + fructose = sucrose
Glucose + galactose = lactose

Question 3

oligosaccharides

Answer 3

3-10 monos

not as common in foods as mono and di

raffinose

Question 4

poly saccharides

Answer 4

many monos linked together in long chains

cellulose (fiber and stach )

Question 5

functions of macros

energy source

Answer 5

provide continuous energy supply for biologic work

dietary carbs (CHO) broken down into glucose - transported through blood stream

glucose synthesised to glycogen, stored in liver and muscle OR used directly for energy

CHO must be regularly ingested to maintain glycogen stores

Glycogen stores = back up energy

Question 6

glycogenesis

Answer 6

• formation of glycogen from glucose
• only occurs when CHO ingestion exceeds energy needs
• occurs in liver

Question 7

Gycogenolysis

Answer 7

• reformation of glucose from glycogen
• occurs in fasting state
• stores are relatively small and don’t last long

Question 8

gluconeogenesis

Answer 8

• formation of glucose from AMINO ACIDS

Question 9

functions of macros

protein sparer

Answer 9

starvation diets/low CHO diets and strenuous exercise = low Glycgen reserves

= demand on body protein to supply glucose (via gluconeogenesis) via action of CORTISOL hormone

promoting the loss of lean muscle tissue

Question 10

functions of macros

fuel for the CNS

Answer 10

CHO needed for CNS to function
- brain uses blood glucose as fuel

TOO LOW = hypoglycaemia
- dizzy anxious, tachycardia, impaired PA performance

TOO HIGH = hyperglycaemia
- often occurs in diabetes - limited action of insulin

Question 11

functions of macros

prevent ketosis

Answer 11

not enough CHO for brain fuel - fat is used

FAT is mobilised o form ketone bodies which can be used as fuel during starvation

ketosis= accumulation of ketone production in blood

ketones can increase acidity of body fluids

50-100 g/d CHO to prevent ketosis

Question 12

CARBS controversies

Answer 12

many pop diets based on low CHO intake

at ods with most trad nutrition advice

Unlimited CHO not appropriate either

need balance

CHO is important part of healthy diet but amount and type is key

Question 13

Dietary fibre

Answer 13

• plant material, mostly CHO
• resists digestion

components
- non starch polysaccharide

• resistant starch
• non digestible oligosaccharides
• soluble Dietary fibre
• insoluble

Question 14

protien

Answer 14

forms muscle bone skin other tissue

synthesis
- ~30000 different protiens in human body