Macronutrient Lecture

Question 1

Define estimated average requirement

Answer 1

The estimated average requirement is the intake level for a nutrient at which the needs of 50 percent of the population will be met

Question 2

Define recommended dieary allowance

Answer 2

Average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98%0 healthy

Question 3

Define adequate intake level

Answer 3

The recommended average daily intake level based on observed or experimentally determined approximations

Question 4

Define tolerable upper intake level

Answer 4

Highest average daily nutrient intae level that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals

Question 5

Define estimated energy requirement

Answer 5

Average dietary energy intain to maintain energy balance

Question 6

Two starches

Answer 6

(1) amylose - linear (unbranched) chain of glucose molecules bonded together by alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds
(2) amylopectin - branched; alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds

Question 7

Essential amino acids

WTF MLK HIV

Answer 7

histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methi onine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan valine

Question 8

Conditionally essential amino acid

Answer 8

arginine, cysteine, glutamine, glycine, proline, tyrosine

Question 9

How is excess nitrogen excreted?

Answer 9

Amino acids -> NH3 -> converted to Urea (NH2)2CO

urea released into the blood and excreted in the urine

Question 10

Maramus

Answer 10

severe deprivation of food for a long time, impaired brain development, no insulation against cold

Question 11

Kwashiorkor

Answer 11

• sudden and recent deprivation of food

- edema (gives belly full appreance)

Question 12

Describe the structure of the omega fatty acids

Answer 12

18 carbons, methyl end, acid end, omega number represents location of the closest double bond from methyl end

Question 13

What are eicosanoids?

Answer 13

signaling molecules made by oxidation of 20-carbon fatty acids. They exert complex control over many bodily systems; mainly in growth during and after physical activity, inflammation or immunity. Many are classified as hormones. Eicosanoids are derived from either omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids. In general, the omega-6 are pro-inflammatory; the omega-3 are much less so

Question 14

Top dietary determinant of LDL cholesterol

Answer 14

Saturated fat

Question 15

Metablic effects of trans fatty acid

Answer 15

increase LDL, decrease HDL

Question 16

Metabolic effects of saturated fatty acids

Answer 16

increase LDL, little effect on HDL

Question 17

Metabolic effects on monosaturated fatty acid (ex. omega - 9 )

Answer 17

decrease LDL, maintain or increase HDL

Question 18

Metabolic effects on polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-6

Answer 18

decrease LDL, decrease HDL