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GI > GI - Gross Anatomy > Flashcards

GI - Gross Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

4 layers of the gut

A

mucosa, submucosa, circular muscle, longtiudinal muscle

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2
Q

Where is pain initially felt for the gut tube?

A

midline

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3
Q

Where does perfusion arise for the gut?

A

medially

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4
Q

Describe the aortic branches

A

unpaired and emerge anteriorally from the gut tube

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5
Q

What are the three aortic branches?

A

celiac trunk, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric

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6
Q

Lateral boundary of the abdominal cavity?

A

iliacus, transversus abdominus

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7
Q

Superior boundary of the abdominal cavity?

A

diaphragm

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8
Q

Posterior boundary of the abdominal cavity?

A

vertebral column and associated muscles

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9
Q

Inferior boundary of the abdominal cavity?

A

pelvic diaphragm

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10
Q

What do you know about the peritoneal cavity?

couldn’t think of a good question!

A

(1) Peritoneal cavity is wholly contained with the abdominal cavity. Occupies a smaller space
(2) Everything in the peritoneal cavity is by default in the abdominal cavity
(3) Organs within the abdominal cavity can be inside or outside the peritoneal cavity

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11
Q

What is the serosa?

A

loose connective tissue, beneath the muscularis, serous fluid and mesothelium (in that order)

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12
Q

Organs in the abdominal cavity can be: (three options)

A

intraperitoneal (within the peritoneal - stomach), retroperitoneal (behind the peritoneum - kidney), infraperitoneal (below the peritoneum - bladder)

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13
Q

What are the secondary retroperitoneal organs?

A

duodenum, pancreas, and colon

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14
Q

Where do secondary retroperitoneal organs drain?

A

Start intraperitoneal so drain via the portal system

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15
Q

Why aren’t intraperitoneal organs bouncing around untethered?

A

Intraperitoneal organs are connected by mesentery to the parietal peritoneum

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16
Q

Function of mesentery?

A

serves as a conduit to deliver vessels and nerves to the suspended organs; also allows necessary movement but not complete freedom

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17
Q

Embryology of intraperitoneal organs?

A

Intraperitoneal organs form within an infolding of the peritoneal membrane. Form one continuous membrane of parietal peritoeum and mesentery

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18
Q

How do organs become secondary retroperitoneal organs?

A

Entire colon starts out with a mesentery (intraperitoneal). During development the ascending and descending portions get pressed against the parietal peritoneum - mesentery resorbed. These portions become secondarily retroperitoneal (now covered by the parietal peritoneum) while transverse and sigmoid colons remain intraperitoneal (covered by the visceral peritoneum)

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19
Q

Example in class given if intraperitoneal organs are non-fixed

A

Non-fixed cecum herniated through the epiploic foramen. Now residing posterior to the stomach. Whoops.
** Main point: seemingly inconsequential events during development can have serious effects if they don’t take place **

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20
Q

Which part of the digestive tract is the exception to the rule that digestive ‘tube’ is comprised of 4 layers?

A

Stomach; has an additional oblique muscle layer

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21
Q

Functions of the digestive tract?

A

digestion and elimination

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22
Q

Is the digestive tract uniform?

A

Diameter and function of the tube changes tremedously as move from esophagus through the rectum

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23
Q

Does digestion occur in the esophagus?

A

No

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24
Q

What tissue type is the mucosa of the esophagus?

A

stratified squamous (resist abrasion from food bolus)

25
Q

Two fun facts about the esophagus (one involves a hiatus, the other the vagus nerve)

A

(1) esophagus passes from the thorax to abdomen thru esophageal hiatus in diaphragm
(2) vagus nerve hitces a ride on the esophagus to cross the thorax into the abdomen

26
Q

What are rugaes?

A

transient folds in the stomach

27
Q

Purpose of rugaes?

A

allow the stomach to expand without damaging

28
Q

Purpose of the pyloric sphincter?

A

guards entry into the intestine

29
Q

Mucosa lining the lumen of the stomach?

A

100% mucus-secreting; mucosa invaginates in the form of gastric pits

30
Q

Base of the gastric pits?

A

Base of the pits is continuous with the gastric glands

31
Q

Opening of the gastric pits?

A

Continuous with mucosa

32
Q

What do gastric glands do?

A

responsible for the secretion of acid and digestive enzymes

33
Q

What does the gastric pit do?

A

protective function; mucus-secreting (prevents stomach from self digestion)

34
Q

What is unique about the duodenum?

A

Duodenum assumes a C-shaped course with intraperitoneal and secondary retroperitoneal segments (marks the junction of foregut and midgut)

35
Q

What are crypts?

A

invaginations of mucosa (I wasn’t sure what this meant but basically villi project into the lumen, while crypts project away fro the lumen)

36
Q

What are villi?

A

evaginations of mucosa

37
Q

Epithelium of the small intestine?

A

enterocytes - simple columnar with microvilli (digestion/absorption), goblet cells (lubrication)

38
Q

Function of the small intestine?

A

responsible for digestion and nutrient absorption

39
Q

Purpose of villi and crypts?

A

increase the surface area of the small intestine

40
Q

Are the jejunum and ileum secondary retroperitoneal?

A

No. The jejunum and ileum are 100% intraperitoneal

41
Q

Distinguishing characteristic of the proximal duodenum?

A

submucosal glands deep to the villi and crypst (called brunner’s glands); combat the acidity of chyme entering from the stomach

42
Q

Distinguishing characteristic of the distal ileum?

A

prominent and numerous lymphoid nodules called peyer’s patches

43
Q

Goal of the large intestine?

A

absorb H2O and vitamins

44
Q

Name for pouches of large intestine?

A

Haustra

45
Q

What causes haustra?

A

Taenia Coli (3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle) which are shorter in length than the intestine

46
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of the large intestine?

A

no villi; maybe goblet cells (increase as move distally)

47
Q

Where do accessory organs come from?

A

All of the accessory glands are born as an outgrowth of the forming digestive tract

48
Q

What does the proximal portion of accessory organs become?

A

Ducts

49
Q

What does the distal portion of accessory organs become?

A

Secretory cells

50
Q

How do ducts terminate their growth in the development of the pancreas?

A

The ducts terminate by generating a balloon-like appendage at their distal extent. These balloons are acini (round clusters of cells) that produce digestive enzymes of the salivary glands and pancreas

(the liver develops in a similar fashion but the terminal balloons are replaced with a cord-like arrangement of hepatocytes)

51
Q

What do acini do?

A

Acini make digestive enzymes that are carried to the intestinal lumen via ducts

52
Q

How do the Islet of Langerhan form?

A

Some acini lose their ductal connection. These cell clusters become the Islets of Langerhan and depend on the circulatory syste to disperse their products (insulin, glucagon)

53
Q

Portal triad?

A

Bile duct, portal veins, hepatic artery (encased in CT coat)

54
Q

Caval system drains which structures?

A

primary retropeitoneal structures (originally retrioperitoneal)

55
Q

Hepatic portal drains which structure?

A

intraperitoneal and secondary retroperitoneal (original intraperitoneal organs)

56
Q

stopped at slide 45

A

also skipped liver formation

57
Q

What are varices?

A

Varices are dilated blood vessels in the esophagus or stomach caused by portal hypertension. (superior - esophageal varices, inferior - anorectal varices, anterior - caput medusae)

58
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

S - supradrenal gland
A - aorta
D - duodenum (2nd and 3rd part) ** secondary retroperitoneal **
P - Pancreas (except tail) ** secondary retroperitoneal **
U - ureter
C - colon (ascending and descending) ** secondary retroperitoneal **
K - kidneys
E - esophagus
R - rectum

GI (27 decks)

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