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biochem midterm > Macromolecules - w1 > Flashcards

Macromolecules - w1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main categories of biomolecules?

A

aliphatic (straight or branched line) and aromatic (cyclic/ring)

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2
Q

Which type of compound forms negative ions?

A

acidic

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3
Q

What are some common examples of monosaccharides?

A

D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose

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4
Q

What time of monosacch have the same chemical formula but different hydroxyl group positioning?

A

stereoisomers

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5
Q

What type of monosacch are optical isomers (reflection/exact opposite)

A

enantiomers (D and L glucose)

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6
Q

What type of monosacch has the OH group interchanged at one place?

A

epimers

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7
Q

What does glucose get oxidized to?

A

D-gluconate

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8
Q

What does glucose get reduced to?

A

D-sorbitol (by aldose reductase)

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9
Q

What is the disaccharide that causes lactose intolerance?

A

lactose

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10
Q

What is lactose composed of?

A

galactose and glucose

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11
Q

What is the bond between monosaccharides?

A

O-glycosidic bonds

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12
Q

What is a polysaccharide that is the storage form of glucose in human cells?

A

glycogen

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13
Q

What type of chains are fatty acids?

A

straight/aliphatic

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14
Q

What molecules lie on the ends of fatty acids?

A

methyl group (CH3) on one end, and a carboxyl group (COOH) on the other

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of saturated fatty acids?

A

no double bonds, solid at room temp

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16
Q

What can turn unsaturated fatty acids into saturated?

A

hydrogenation (adding hydrogens) by a catalyst

17
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid prostaglandin?

A

arachidonic acid

18
Q

What is the unsaturated fatty acid that is harmful to human health?

A

trans-configuration (hydrogens are diagonal from each other)

19
Q

What makes up a triglyceride?

A

one glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids

20
Q

By what molecular group does glycerol link and combine with the fatty acids?

A

hydroxyl groups (OH to OH)

21
Q

What gets released with the esterification of triglyceride formation?

A

H2O

22
Q

What is the composition of phospholipids?

A

two fatty acids esterified to glycerol (+ 1 PHOSPHATE GROUP)

23
Q

Which lipid is amphipathic?

A

phospholipid

24
Q

What replaces the glycerol backbone in spingolipids?

A

sphingosine

25
Q

What is sphingosine derived from?

A

serine and palmitate

26
Q

What is the importance of sphingolipids and glycolipids?

A

components in cell membrane and myelin in neurons (MS)

27
Q

What gets attached to saccharides in sphingolipids/glycolipids?

A

ceramide (lipid)

28
Q

What is the structure of steroids?

A

has a 4 ring structure

29
Q

Which rings are quadragons?

A

ABC

30
Q

What is a steroid precursor for hormone synthesis and can be converted to bile salts?

A

cholesterol

biochem midterm (9 decks)

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