Macromolecules: Lipids Flashcards
What type of monomers do Lipids have
They don’t have ‘one’ type of monomer
Common properties
Lots of Carbons and Hydrogens, little Oxygen
Are Lipids hydrophobic or Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
What do hydrocarbons do
help build lipids
What are fatty acids
Hydrocarbons + Carboxyl group
Isoprenoids
Hydrocarbon Chains
Cis Fats
Hydrogen atoms on the same side of the double bond causing a bend in the chain
Trans Fats
Hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the double bonds causing a straight chain
The 3 Main Types of Lipids
1) Fats and Oils
2) Steroids
3)Phospholipids
A common type of fat
Triglyceride
Fats and Oils are made of
A Glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains linked via Ester linkage
Saturated Fats
No double Bonds. Solid, usually mammalian
Unsaturated Fats
Double Bonds. Liquids, usually plant or fish
Why are Fats so good for long term energy storage
Carbon + Hydrogen bonds store lots of potential energy
How are fats and oils made
Through Condensation and Dehydration reactions
How do fats and oils differ between themselves
Different number of carbons, position of double bonds, bond configuration
What impacts the functional properties of fats
Fatty acid chain bonds
Steroid basic structure
A fatty acid chain folded into a bulky four ring structure
Amphipathic
Hydrophobic region and Hydrophilic region
Cholesterol
Important component of cell membranes
Hormones
Important signaling molecules
Phospholipid common structure
Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, linked by phosphate group
Micelles
One layered phospholipid
Which part of phospholipids like water
The heads do, the tails don’t
Which lipids are amphipathic
All phospholipids, some steroids
Lipid Bilayer
Two layered phospholipid
Lipid Bilayer is the basis for
All cell membranes
Main components of the cell membrane
Phospholipids, proteins, cytoskeleton, and glycoprotein
Types of membrane proteins
Integral and peripheral
Integral proteins
Integrated into structure, amphipathic, all along the membrane
Peripheral protein
studded on surface the surface of the membrane
Cytoskeleton
holds proteins in place
Glycoproteins and Glycolipids
Key signaling molecules
Cell membranes are selectively permeable. This means…
They keep damaging materials out and needed materials in. They facilitate chemical reactions needed to live.
Cell membranes self organize because
They are amphipathic
Factors that impact permeability
Charge and Polarity
Factors that impact Barrier permeability
1) Number of double bonds in the tail
2) length of tail
3) Number of cholesterol molecules in membrane
4) Environmental temperature
How does Cholesterol help stabilize cell membranes
Helps fill the gaps between the hydrocarbon tail
Increases density of the hydrophobic layer
Passive Transport means
No energy needed
Active transport means
Energy is needed, usually ATP
Diffusion
High concentration of molecules moves to low concentration of molecules. This is fueled by Entropy
Osmosis
The diffusion of water.
Water moves from low solute concentration to high solute concentration
If solute is high, free water is _____
Low and vice versa
Hypertonic Solution
Higher solute concentration outside the cell, so water leaves the cell, so the cell shrinks
Hypotonic Solution
Lower Solute concentration outside the cell, so water enters the cell, cell swells and may burst
Isotonic solution
Solute inside and outside the cell has equal concentration, so nothing happens
Facilitated Diffusion
Integral proteins form a tunnel that allows the passage of some molecules that otherwise wouldn’t be able to diffuse
Channel proteins can be _______
Gated
What does Active Transport do
moves molecules against their concentration gradient
