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Biology > Macromolecules, evolution & populations > Flashcards

Macromolecules, evolution & populations Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Non-polar bonds

A

Equal sharing of electrons

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2
Q

Polar bonds

A

Unequal sharing of electrons

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3
Q

Hydrogen bonding

A

An interaction involving a hydrogen atom and two other atoms having a high affinity for electrons (i.e. hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen)

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4
Q

Covalent bonds

A

A chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons

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5
Q

Ribose

A

A simple sugar and carbohydrate that has a tail end of —OH

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6
Q

Deoxyribose

A

A monosaccharide that has a tail end of —H

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7
Q

5 main Lipid categories

A

Fats, oils, waxes, steroids & phospholipids

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8
Q

Monoglycerides

A

A type of fatty acid that is linked to glycerol

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9
Q

Diglycerides

A

A glyceride that consists of two fatty acids chains that are covalently bonded

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10
Q

Lipid functions

A

Storing energy, regulating hormones, transmitting nerve impulses, cushioning organs

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11
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Molecules that are repelled by water/insoluble in water

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12
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Molecules that are attracted to water/soluble in water

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13
Q

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

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14
Q

T/F: Lipids have monomers and polymers

A

False! Lipids are a unique group of macromolecules that are not considered as polymers; therefore they have no monomers

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15
Q

Proteins are made up of ________ __________ ?

A

Amino acids

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16
Q

What is the monomer of protein?

A

Amino acids

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17
Q

What is the simple definition of an organelle?

A

Little parts of a cell that come together to do a job

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18
Q

What are isomers?

A

Molecules that have identical molecular formulas but different structures (i.e. ethanol vs dimethyl ester)

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19
Q

Cell walls are found in…

A

Plants, archea, & bacteria but NOT animals

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20
Q

T/F: Cell wall material will differ between plants, bacteria and archea

A

True! While all of these organisms have cell walls, they are each composed of different materials

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21
Q

Natural selection is always ______?

A

Adaptive

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22
Q

What is a dehydration reaction?

A

A chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule (most commonly seen in amino acids)

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23
Q

What are peptide bonds?

A

Short chains of amino acids connected together (one amino acid group connected to another amino acid group)

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24
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

A type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions (or with two atoms with different electronegativities)

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25
Q

Electronegativity increases ________ (vertically/horizontally) as you go farther to the right

A

Horizontally

26
Q

Electronegativity decreases as you go down ______ (vertically/horizontally)?

A

Vertically

27
Q

What is cohesion?

A

The action in which like molecules stick together (due to mutual attraction)

28
Q

What is adhesion?

A

The tendency for dissimilar particles to cling to one another

29
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net (overall) movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

30
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane, from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration

31
Q

T/F: Diffusion is a passive process; (doesn’t require energy from the cell)

A

True!

32
Q

Weak chemical bonds are known as _________ ______?

A

Hydrogen bonds

33
Q

What are the 3 domains of cells?

A

1) Bacteria
2) Archea
3) Eukarya

34
Q

T/F: Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus

A

False

35
Q

T/F: Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus

A

True

36
Q

Variable groups in macromolecules determine the _________ of the macromolecule?

A

Function

37
Q

What are the 8 characteristics of living things?

A
  1. Order/complexity
  2. Cells
  3. Growth & development
  4. Energy processing
  5. Homeostasis (regulation)
  6. Response to environment
  7. Reproduction
  8. Evolution
38
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

A local community of living and non-living organisms

39
Q

What is a biome?

A

A global community of living and non-living organisms that have similar regional climates

40
Q

What is a community?

A

Interactions among populations

41
Q

What are populations?

A

The number of organisms of the same species that live in a particular geographic area simultaneously; that have the ability to interbreed

42
Q

What are organisms?

A

Individual species that are the unit of natural selection

43
Q

T/F: Every object in the universe is composed of matter

A

True

44
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The branch of biology that deals with the identification, naming and classification of species

45
Q

What is the Linnean System?

A

A method in which the naming of species and hierarchical classifications is made into broader groups of organisms

46
Q

Define the word binomial

A

The two parts that must be used together to name a species

47
Q

What is a genus?

A

A group of closely related species; contains 2 parts made up of a binomial (genus and distinguishing species within a genus)

48
Q

What is natural selection?

A

The process in which individuals with certain inheritable hereditary genes are more likely to survive and reproduce compared to other individuals with less heritable traits

49
Q

What are evolutionary adaptations?

A

A feature that occurs due to natural selection

50
Q

What is molecular biology?

A

The study of the molecular basis of genes and gene expression

51
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

The selective breeding of domesticated plants & animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offspring; (includes variation and heritability)

52
Q

What is heritability?

A

The transmission of a trait from parent to offspring

53
Q

What is fitness?

A

The survival and reproductive success of an individual

54
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

A pool that contains copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of a population

55
Q

What is microevolution?

A

The changes in a populations’ genetic makeup from generation to generation

56
Q

What are the 5 principles of Evolutionary change?

A
  1. Mutations
  2. Genetic drift
  3. Gene flow
  4. Non-random mating
  5. Natural selection
57
Q

What are the 4 principles of Natural Selection?

A
  1. Individual variation
  2. Inheritance of traits (hereditary)
  3. Fitness varies among individuals
  4. Variation in fitness is not due to chance
58
Q

What is evolution?

A

The genetic change over time in a population

59
Q

What are vestigial structures?

A

Remnants of features that served important functions in the organisms ancestors

60
Q

What is an evolutionary tree?

A

A branching diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among various biological species

61
Q

Which mechanism of microevolution tends to reduce differences between populations?

A

Gene flow

Biology (7 decks)

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