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Geology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are 5 common types of metals?

Fe,Al,Cu,Pb, Zn

A
  1. Iron
  2. Aluminum
  3. Copper
  4. Lead
  5. Zinc
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2
Q

Which 4 countries are responsible for the largest iron ore production?

AUIBC

A
  1. Australia
  2. India
  3. Brazil
  4. China
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3
Q

How are metals formed?

A

Within stars

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4
Q

T/F: Most elements are found in the rocks and soil all over Earth

A

True!

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5
Q

Elements with high and low atomic numbers are correlated with the elements’ __________

A

Abundance

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6
Q

Elements (metals) that range from 1-26 are more _________ than metals that go beyond 26 (Iron)

A

Abundant

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7
Q

Economic value is typically correlated to __________

A

Abundance

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8
Q

Metals are obtained from _________

A

Minerals

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9
Q

What are minerals?

A

Naturally occurring inorganic solids that have distinct chemical compositions

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10
Q

We destroy ______ to obtain ________.

A

Minerals; metals

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11
Q

What is nuclear fusion?

A

The process in which atoms combine together to make a larger molecule

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12
Q

T/F: Nuclear fusion hardly releases any energy

A

False! It actually releases a lot of energy!

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13
Q

What is nucleosynthesis?

A

The cosmic formation of atoms that are more complex than hydrogen atoms

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14
Q

What is a supernova?

A

The violent explosion of a star and the subsequent ejection of material into space

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15
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

Electrons that are found in the outermost electron shell of an atom

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16
Q

T/F: The number of electrons in an atom’s outermost valence shell governs its bonding behavior

A

True

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17
Q

What are native elements?

A

Pure elements that occur naturally in mineral form (gold, copper, silver, etc)

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18
Q

What are the 2 main elements that a majority of metals bind with?

A
  1. Sulfur (sulfides)
  2. Oxygen (oxides)
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19
Q

What are ores?

A

Rocks/minerals that contain desirable elements in high concentrations and in a form that can be easily mined, extracted and profitable

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20
Q

What is grade?

A

The content of a valuable material (metal) in a rock; usually expressed as a percentage by weight

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21
Q

T/F: Many minerals have high grades

A

False; many minerals have low grades. Gold is an exception to this; it has a high grade.

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22
Q

What is a concentration factor?

A

The enrichment of an ore that is needed to be made profitable through mining

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23
Q

Geologic processes can be concentrated in 5 different ways:

A
  1. Igneous process
  2. Metamorphic activity
  3. Sedimentary processes
  4. Biological processes
  5. Weathering/soil development
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24
Q

Plate tectonics play a major role in the ________ and _________ of geologic resources

A

Distribution; concentration

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25
Q

What is the “Hubbert Curve”?

A

A simulation of the approximate production rate of a resource over time

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26
Q

T/F: The Hubbert Curve applied to the production of whale oil and coal

A

True

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27
Q

What are “Black Smokers” and where are they found?

A

Ore factories of the deep found in mid-ocean ridges

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28
Q

Why should we mine the moon?

A

For water, helium and rare earth metals

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29
Q

The oldest tin alloy bronzes date back to what two years?

A

3500 to 4500 BC

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30
Q

Bronze hammers are good to use around flammable vapors because….

A

They don’t spark

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31
Q

What is the primary metal in pennies made today?

A

Zinc

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32
Q

26% of the Earth’s crust is made up of which metal? (As an oxide or silicate)

A

Silicon

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33
Q

Lead is harmful to _________

A

Everybody

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34
Q

Which of the following regulates the international standards of impurities in cosmetics?

A

There are no standards

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35
Q

Which of the following did Roman cooks use to sweeten food and wine?

A

Sapa

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36
Q

The Romans that ingested the most lead were the ___________?

A

Aristocrats

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37
Q

The region studied in the Global demand for gold paper was in ______ ________.

A

South America

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38
Q

Gold mining can impact surrounding ecosystems through which 3 things?

A
  1. Use of mercury
  2. Degradation of vegetation
  3. Increasing sedimentation rates
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39
Q

What country purchases the most gemstones?

A

The United States

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40
Q

What kind of gemstone do U.S. consumers spend most of their money on?

A

Diamonds

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41
Q

The recipe for glass is fundamentally ___ ____ ____ it was in Ancient Egypt, Rome and Persia

A

The same as

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42
Q

___________ mining is the extraction of stone, sand, rock, or similar materials from natural deposits

A

Nonmetallic

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43
Q

Who regulates nonmetallic mining in Wisconsin?

A

County and local zoning bodies

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44
Q

What mineral is often used as an indicator mineral to help find diamonds?

A

Garnets

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45
Q

Which of the following is NOT a major type of pottery?
Porcelain
Earthenware
Stoneware
Sintered ceramics

A

Sintered ceramics

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46
Q

Limestone is composed of _____ ______

A

Calcium carbonate

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47
Q

What is the cheapest method for shipping limestone?

A

By barge on water

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48
Q

When an area of suitable and mineable rock is swallowed up by urban growth or when mining becomes prohibited by legislation or zoning, the result is called _________ __________

A

Resource sterilization

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49
Q

Where is gold primarily found (outside of the United States)?

A

South Africa, Russia, Australia & Canada

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50
Q

Where is gold found within the United States?

A

Alaska and Nevada

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51
Q

Where can you find Lithium?

A

Brines, such as salt flats and saltwater lakes, tectonic boundaries & places where igneous activity occurs

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52
Q

Outside of the US, where is Magnesium found? (6 different countries)

A

China, North Korea, Brazil, Greece, Russia & Austria

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53
Q

Where is mercury produced in the US?

A

California

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54
Q

What countries is Mercury located in?

A

Albania, Peru, Italy, Spain, Slovenia, China, Chile & Kyrgyzstan

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55
Q

Which countries is Palladium found in?

A

South Africa, Russia & Canada

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56
Q

Where can you find Potassium?

A

Canada, China, Russia, Belarus, Germany, Israel, US

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57
Q

Where can you find Radium?

A

In nature; rocks, waters, soils, plants

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58
Q

T/F: Radium is not a naturally occurring element

A

False; it is naturally occurring!

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59
Q

Where is titanium found? (Hint: Not a country or the US)

A

Produced from minerals such as rutile, ilmenite, perovskite, sphene, titanite and iron ore

60
Q

What countries can you find Tungsten in?

A

China, Russia, Bolivia, Vietnam, Rwanda

61
Q

What countries can Vanadium be found in?

A

South Africa, China, Russia, Brazil, Australia, Peru

62
Q

T/F: You can’t find Vanadium in the US

A

False

63
Q

T/F: Vanadium is found in Utah & Colorado

A

True

64
Q

Which countries can Zirconium be found in?

A

Australia, South Africa, China, Indonesia

65
Q

Which of the following can, or potentially, be made in space with 3-D printing?

A

Tools, human organs & tissues, building

66
Q

“On the Moon, a lens could channel ________ to bake the dust, layer by layer”

A

Solar power

67
Q

Which company wanted to take steam punk into space with a steam powered rocket?

A

Deep Space Industries

68
Q

“According to Space Angels, _________ in equity capital poured into space companies in the first quarter of 2019…”

A

$1.7 billion

69
Q

What have been called the Jekyll and Hyde of the solar system?

A

Asteroids

70
Q

What asteroid did Osiris-Rex visit?

A

Bennu

71
Q

What space organization was considering redirecting a large piece of an asteroid into lunar orbit?

A

NASA

72
Q

Which of the following reasons were given as reasons to accurately map the inner solar system?
- To protect private industry investments in asteroids
- Identify asteroids that could hit Earth
- Identify resources for potential mining
- All of the above

A

All of the above

73
Q

Which of the following is a system for gathering seafloor nodules with minimal environmental impact?

A

Apollo 2

74
Q

What small island nation is pushing the world toward deep-sea mining?

A

Nauru

75
Q

A modern computer chip uses _____ different elements

A

More than 60

76
Q

According to the Graedel et al. paper, how many of the 62 metals that they examined had exemplary substitutes?

A

0

77
Q

What country, or countries, produce substantial amounts of platinum?

A

South Africa and Russia

78
Q

Of the 83 stable elements, at least ___ of them can be found in smartphones

A

70

79
Q

How many different metals do some smartphones have in them?

A

62

80
Q

Which of the rare earth elements is NOT found in smartphones?

A

Promethium

81
Q

The strategic importance of rare earth elements to the United States is __________

A

High

82
Q

There is a rare earth element mine in the U.S. called the ________ mine

A

Mountain Pass

83
Q

What radioactive elements are typically found associated with rare earth elements?

A

Uranium and thorium

84
Q

This Greek archipelago has been suggested as an inspiration for Atlantis.

A

Santorini

85
Q

The oracle at Delphi would inhale vapors that emanated from a crack in the rock that the temple was built upon. What do we think she was probably inhaling?

A

Ethylene, benzene, or a mix of carbon dioxide and methane

86
Q

Who is the Hawaiian goddess of fire and volcanoes?

A

Pele

87
Q

Devil’s tower appears to be the remnant of a _______________.

A

Volcanic neck, plug, or laccolith

88
Q

What type of fish was though to be responsible for the earthquakes in Japan?

A

Catfish

89
Q

The Makah indians on the Pacific coast of Washington state have a flood legend about the sea rising and falling several times over the course of a few days. This most likely represent a story about a ________________.

A

Tsunami

90
Q

Dante imagined that the shape of Hell was like _______________.

A

An inverted cone (point down toward the center of Earth)

91
Q

Dante’s value of the radius of Earth was ____________ miles.

A

3250

92
Q

A natural freshwater sinkhole in the Yucat’an is called a(n) _____________.

A

Cenote

93
Q

There is a ring of denotes that formed along the edge of the _______________.

A

Chicxulub impact crater

94
Q

Alice in Wonderland may have been inspired by sinkholes in ______________.

A

Ripon, North Yorkshire

95
Q

The first Stone Age tools are approximately __________ years old.

A

2.6 million

96
Q

What age immediately followed the Stone Age?

A

Bronze Age

97
Q

Which of the following means Middle Stone Age?

A

Mesolithic

98
Q

The last Ice Age ended approximately ____________ years ago.

A

12,000

99
Q

According to Lombardo et al. (2015) what mineral was used with flint to make fire over 5000 years ago at Lake Zurich?

A

Pyrite

100
Q

Lombardo et al. (2015) mentions that dendrochonological dating was used. What material does that dating technique utilize?

A

Tree rings

101
Q

According to Gowlett (2016) how far back can we find direct evidence of fire in archaeological sites?

A

1.5 million year

102
Q

According to Gowlett (2016), Darwin said that other than language, _____________ was the greatest discovery made by humans.

A

Fire

103
Q

According to Gowlett (2016), how many distinct forms of fire use need to be considered?

A

3

104
Q

According to Gowlett (2016), what is used as a lead aerosol record over the last 5000 years?

A

Ice cores

105
Q

What mineral did Yee et al. 2004 turn into copper metal?

A

Malachite

106
Q

What do you “typically” add to copper to get bronze?

A

Tin

107
Q

According to Yee et al. (2004) when was this process used?

A

~ 14,000 B.C.E.

108
Q

Which of the following was NOT a Bronze Age Civilization?

A

Mayan

109
Q

Which of the following dynasty was in power in China during the Bronze Age?

A

Zhou

110
Q

Where was the Tollense Valley?

A

Germany

111
Q

What was found in the Tollense Valley?

A

Debris from a Bronze Age battle

112
Q

What method of age-dating was used to determine the age of the artifacts in Tollense Valley?

A

Radiocarbon dating

113
Q

According to Kristiansen, which groups would go into battle naked to demonstrate their skill, and lack of fear of their enemies?

A

Celtics

114
Q

According to Kristiansen, which of the following are famous swords? Skraep, Excalibur, Hrunting

A

(All of these are famous swords)

115
Q

The oldest tin alloy bronzes date back to _______________.

A

3500 to 4500 BC

116
Q

Bronze hammers are good to use around flammable vapors because ______________.

A

They don’t spark

117
Q

What is the primary metal in pennies made today?

A

Zinc

118
Q

26% of the Earth’s crust is made up of which metal? (As an oxide or a silicate)

A

Silicon

119
Q

Lead is harmful to _____________.

A

Everybody

120
Q

Which of the following regulates the international standards of impurities in cosmetics?

A

There are no standards

121
Q

Which of the following did Roman cooks use to sweeten food and wine?

A

Sapa

122
Q

The Romans that ingested the most lead were the _____________.

A

Aristocrats

123
Q

The region studied in the Global demand for gold paper was in _____________.

A

South America

124
Q

Gold mining can impact surrounding ecosystems through ________.
Use of mercury, degradation of vegetation, increasing sedimentation rates or all of these

A

All of these

125
Q

What country purchases the most gemstones?

A

United States

126
Q

What kind of gemstone do U.S. consumers spend most of their money on?

A

Diamonds

127
Q

The recipe for glass is fundamentally ________________ it was in Ancient Egypt, Rome, and Persia.

A

The same as

128
Q

_____________________________ mining is the extraction of stone, sand, rock, or similar materials from natural deposits.

A

Nonmetallic

129
Q

Who regulates nonmetallic mining in Wisconsin?

A

County and local zoning bodies

130
Q

What mineral is often used as an indicator mineral to help find diamonds?

A

Garnets

131
Q

Which of the following is NOT a major type of pottery?

A

Sintered ceramics

132
Q

Limestone is composed of __________________.

A

Calcium carbonate

133
Q

What is the cheapest method for shipping limestone?

A

By barge on water

134
Q

When an area of suitable and mineable rock is swallowed up by urban growth or when mining becomes prohibited by legislation or zoning, the result is called _________________________.

A

Resource sterilization

135
Q

Where is bauxite found in the world?

A

All over the world

136
Q

Which country produces the most bauxite in the world?

A

Australia

137
Q

How is Bauxite generally formed?

A

Through weathering

138
Q

What types of areas is Bauxite ore found in?

A

Tropical and subtropical

139
Q

What does coal mainly consist of?

A

Carbonized plant matter

140
Q

What is the highest grade of coal?

A

Anthracite coal

141
Q

Where in Europe did the Industrial Revolution start?

A

Britain

142
Q

What percentage of the current world reserves are in the Asia - Pacific Region?

A

46.5%

143
Q

What is geothermal energy?

A

Energy (heat) that is produced from the Earth

144
Q

Where can geothermal be found most commonly?

A

Near tectonic plates

145
Q

Geothermal energy requires what 3 components?

A
  1. Heat
  2. Fluid
  3. Permeability
146
Q

Geothermal energy is dispersed (unevenly/evenly) across the United States

A

Evenly

147
Q
A

Biology (7 decks)

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