Macromolecules (Carbs, lipids ,proteins)

Question 1

What does carbon tend to bond with

Answer 1

Carbon tends to bond with carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorous

Question 2

What are the qualities of organic molecules

Answer 2

1. formed by the action of living things
2. have a carbon backbone

Question 3

What do you call molecules made up of H and C

Answer 3

Hydrocarbons

Question 4

What does the properties of an organic molecule depend on

Answer 4

1. Arrangement of carbon skeleton
2. Functional groups (molecular components attatched to that carbon skeleton)

Question 5

What is a polymer

Answer 5

A repeated building block consisting of many monomers

Question 6

monomer = _______
Polymer = __________
Many macromolecules are _______

Answer 6

monomer = link
polymer = chain
many macromolecules are polymers

Question 7

What is dehydration synthesis

Answer 7

occurs when two molecules or compounds are joined to form a larger molecule following the removal of water

Question 8

What speeds up dehydration synthesis

Answer 8

Cellular enzymes (specialized proteins)

Question 9

What is hydrolysis

Answer 9

The chemical reaction that breaks down polymers due to the reaction with water.

Question 10

What is the basis of the diversity of mascromolecules

Answer 10

polymers are constructed from only 40-50 common monomers - small molecules common to all organisms are ordered into unique macromolecules

Question 11

What are the four classes of macromolecules?

Answer 11

1. Carbohydrats
2. LIpids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids

Question 12

What are the different types of carbohydrates

Answer 12

Simple sugars (monosaccharides) and their polymers (polysacaharides)

Question 13

Functions of carbs

(3)

Answer 13

1. The main source of energy for all our cells
2. Energy storage (startch for plants and glycogen for animals)
3. Strucural components in cells (cellulose in cell walls of plants and chitin in the exoskeleton of insects)

Question 14

What are monosaccharides

Answer 14

• single-unit sugars
• building blocks for more complex sugars and polysaccharides

Question 15

Most common monosaccharide

Answer 15

Glucose

Question 16

What is a monosaccharide isomer

Answer 16

same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and properties

Question 17

What is a role of glucose

Answer 17

Major nutrients for cells

Question 18

How does a disaccharide form

Answer 18

Forms when two monosaccharides are chemically bonded together by a glycosidic linkage between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

Question 19

Wh is sucrose sweeter that lactose or maltose

Answer 19

Because it contains fructose

Question 20

What are polysaccharides

Answer 20

Polysaccharides are molecules, polymers with a few to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage

Question 21

What can polysaccharides serve as

Answer 21

Storage material or building material

Question 22

Storage polysaccharide

Answer 22

• plants: startch (made up of many glucose molecules)
• animals: glycogen (accumulates in the vertebrate liver and muscle cells)

Question 23

Structural polysaccharides

Answer 23

• Plant cells: Cellulose - component of tough cell walls
• Insects, spiders: chitin (found in exoskeleton)

Question 24

What is chitin

Answer 24

Structural polysaccharide of plant cells, found in tough cell walls

Question 25

What is chitin

Answer 25

Structural polysaccharide, found in exoskelrton of spiders and insects

Question 26

How many tons of cellulose are produced by plants a year?

Answer 26

Almost 100 billion tons

Question 27

What is startch

Answer 27

A common plant polysaccharide (storage), made up of many glucose molecules

Question 28

What is glycogen

Answer 28

An animal storage product

Question 29

Why are lipids grouped together

Answer 29

Because they are hydrophobic

Question 30

Three major types of lipids

Answer 30

1. Neutral fats
2. Phospholipids
3. Steroids

Question 31

Structure of fats

Answer 31

constructed from 2 kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids
- triglyceride: 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol

Question 32

Shape of triglycerides

Answer 32

Determined by the saturation of carbon chains
(saturation of the molecules of hydrogen atoms)

Question 33

Presense of double C=C covalent bonds in a triglyceide

Answer 33

Reduces the numeer of hydrogen that can bond to the carbon chain - unsaturated –> gives a kink in their length

Question 34

Function of neutral fats

(2)

Answer 34

1. Energy storage (excess sugars beyon glycogen storage capabilities converted into fats)
2. Insulation (insulation of body and of internal organs)

Question 35

Strucuture of phospholipids

Answer 35

Similar to neutral fats, but have two fatty acids instead of three

Question 36

What does it mean that phospholipids are amphipathic

Answer 36

One end (head) is hydrophilic, and the othher (tail) is hydrophobic

Question 37

What happens when phospholipids are placed in water

Answer 37

The self assemble in to a bi-layer

Question 38

Membranes are made up of two layers of ______

Answer 38

Membranes are made up of two layers of phospholipids

Question 39

What are steroids

Answer 39

Steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four infused rings

Question 40

Important sterioid and why

Answer 40

Cholesterol - common component of animal cell membranes and is a precursor for which other steroids are synthesized