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Biology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the order of the biological hiearchy?

A

atoms → molecules → cells → tissues → organs → organ sysyems → organism → species → population → biological community → ecosystem → bioshpere

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2
Q

Atoms:

A

Basic unit of matter. Made up of protons and electrons

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3
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more atoms chemically combined

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4
Q

Cells

A

Smallest unit of living things

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5
Q

What do cells contain?

A

Organelles

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6
Q

How many cells are there in our bodies?

A

37 trillion cells

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7
Q

Tissues

A

Similar cells grouped together. Preform a specific function (ex. skin, muscle, bone).

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8
Q

Organs

A

Groups of different tissues. Preform a specific function (ex. stomach).

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9
Q

Organ systems

A

Group of organs that work together to preform a specific function

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10
Q

Example of an organ sysyem

A

Digestive system

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11
Q

Organism

A

An individual living unit (single or multi cellular). Varies in size and complexity

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12
Q

Species

A

a related group of organisms that share a distinct form and set of attributes in nature

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13
Q

The members of ______ are closely related genetically

A

The members of species

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14
Q

Population

A

a locolized group of organisms belonging to the same species

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15
Q

Biological community

A

populations of different species living in the same area

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16
Q

oWhat determines the types of species that are found in a community

A

The environment and the interactions of species with one another

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17
Q

What is a biological species?

A

A group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring.

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18
Q

According to the biological definition of species, which animal is not considered a species

A

A mule

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19
Q

Ecosystem

A

Consists of all the living things in a particular area and the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts (soil, water, atmospheric gases, and light).

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20
Q

Biosphere

A

the sum of all living things taken in conjunction with their environment - where life occurs

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21
Q

What is the estimate of the total diversity of life

A

It ranges from about 10 million to over 100 million species

22
Q
A
23
Q

What are the building blocks that make up DNA’s helical chains called

A

Nucleotides

24
Q

What can be said about the four nucleotides that comprise DNA

A

All DNA has the same four nucleotides

25
Q

Genes

(2)

A

Units of inheritance that transmit information from parent to offspring

26
Q

Diverse forms of life have ________ in ways that
help them _________ in the diverse environments the Earth has to offer

A

Diverse forms of life have evolved in ways that help them prosper in the diverse environments the Earth has to offer

27
Q

What is evolutionary change

A

Modifications of characteristics in pre-existing populations.

28
Q

Explain decent with modification

A

Passing traits from parent to offspring - species change over time, give rise to new species, and share a common ancestor.

29
Q

What is the guiding theory on which modern biology is based

A

Evolution

30
Q

What are the two mechanisms by which evolutionary change occurs

A
  1. vertical descent with mutation
  2. horizontal gene transfer
31
Q

Vertical Descent with Mutation

A

traditional way to view evolution - a progression of
changes in a series of ancestors called a lineage

32
Q

Vertical decent with mutation:

New species ________ from ________ by the
accumulation of ________, which are random changes in the genetic material of organisms.
A mutation may ____ the traits of organisms in a way that ________ their chances of ______ and ______.

A

new species evolve from preexisting species by the accumulation of mutations, which are random changes in the genetic material of organisms.
A mutation may alter the traits of organisms in a way that increases their chances of survival and reproduction.

33
Q

What do we call beneficial mutation

A

Natural selection

34
Q

What are mutations

A

Random changes in the genetic material of organisms

35
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

the movement of genetic information between different species

36
Q

What is an example of horizontal gene transfer?

A

The spread of antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria

37
Q

What was horizontal gene transfers role during the early stages of evolution?

A

During the early stages of evolution, horizontal gene transfer
was an important part of the process that gave rise to all modern species

38
Q

biologists have re-evaluated the concept of evolution. Rather than a tree of life, what is used?

A

A “web of life,” which accounts for both vertical evolution and horizontal gene transfer

39
Q

What is taxonomy

A

A sub-discipline of biology in which scientists attempt to determine the extent of the relatedness of species and then group related species together.

40
Q

What are two reasons why taxonomy is important?

A
  1. Helps us understand and clarify evolutionary relationships in organisms
  2. Helps scientists communicate (know that they are working on the same organism even if accross the world)
41
Q

What is the rationale for categorizaton usually based on? Explain.

A

Based on vertical descent - Species with a recent common ancestor are grouped together, while species whose common ancestor is in the very distant past are placed into different groups.

42
Q

What is the taxonomy classification called?

A

Linnean hierarchical classification

43
Q

What is Linnean hierarchical classification based on?

A

Based on the premise that the species was the smallest unit, and that each species (or taxon) belonged to a higher category.

44
Q

What is the order of Linnean hierarchical classification?

A

Domains
Kingdoms
Phyla
Classes
Orders
Families
Genera
Species

45
Q

What is the purpose of nomenclature

A

Allows speaking and writing different languages could communicate clearly.

46
Q

What are the three domains in which all forms of life can be placed

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

47
Q

Which domains are prokaryotic, and what does this mean?

A

Bacteria and archarea are prokaryotic. This means that they do NOT have a nucleus

48
Q

Which organisms are eukariotic

A

Organisms in the domain Eukarya

49
Q

What can be said about eukaryotic oganisms?

A

They have larger cells with membrane-bound internal compartments that serve various functions

50
Q

What are the six kingdoms, and are they eukariotic or procaryotic?

A
  • Animalia (E)
  • Plantae (E)
  • Fungi (E)
  • Protista (E)
  • Eubacteria (P)
  • Archaebacteria (P)
51
Q

If two organisms belong to the same family, what else can be said about them

A

They also belong to the same “everything above”: the same order, class, phyla, kingdom and domain

Biology (12 decks)

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