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Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of the biological hiearchy?

A

atoms → molecules → cells → tissues → organs → organ sysyems → organism → species → population → biological community → ecosystem → bioshpere

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2
Q

Atoms:

A

Basic unit of matter. Made up of protons and electrons

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3
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more atoms chemically combined

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4
Q

Cells

A

Smallest unit of living things

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5
Q

What do cells contain?

A

Organelles

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6
Q

How many cells are there in our bodies?

A

37 trillion cells

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7
Q

Tissues

A

Similar cells grouped together. Preform a specific function (ex. skin, muscle, bone).

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8
Q

Organs

A

Groups of different tissues. Preform a specific function (ex. stomach).

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9
Q

Organ systems

A

Group of organs that work together to preform a specific function

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10
Q

Example of an organ sysyem

A

Digestive system

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11
Q

Organism

A

An individual living unit (single or multi cellular). Varies in size and complexity

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12
Q

Species

A

a related group of organisms that share a distinct form and set of attributes in nature

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13
Q

The members of ______ are closely related genetically

A

The members of species

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14
Q

Population

A

a locolized group of organisms belonging to the same species

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15
Q

Biological community

A

populations of different species living in the same area

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16
Q

oWhat determines the types of species that are found in a community

A

The environment and the interactions of species with one another

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17
Q

What is a biological species?

A

A group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring.

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18
Q

According to the biological definition of species, which animal is not considered a species

A

A mule

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19
Q

Ecosystem

A

Consists of all the living things in a particular area and the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts (soil, water, atmospheric gases, and light).

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20
Q

Biosphere

A

the sum of all living things taken in conjunction with their environment - where life occurs

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21
Q

What is the estimate of the total diversity of life

A

It ranges from about 10 million to over 100 million species

23
Q

What are the building blocks that make up DNA’s helical chains called

A

Nucleotides

24
Q

What can be said about the four nucleotides that comprise DNA

A

All DNA has the same four nucleotides

25
Genes | (2)
Units of inheritance that transmit information from parent to offspring
26
Diverse forms of life have ________ in ways that help them _________ in the diverse environments the Earth has to offer
Diverse forms of life have **evolved** in ways that help them **prosper** in the diverse environments the Earth has to offer
27
What is evolutionary change
Modifications of characteristics in **pre-existing populations.**
28
Explain decent with modification
Passing traits from parent to offspring - **species change over time, give rise to new species**, and share a common ancestor.
29
What is the guiding theory on which modern biology is based
Evolution
30
What are the two mechanisms by which evolutionary change occurs
1. vertical descent with mutation 2. horizontal gene transfer
31
Vertical Descent with Mutation
traditional way to view evolution - a progression of changes in a series of ancestors called a lineage
32
# Vertical decent with mutation: New species ________ from ________ by the accumulation of ________, which are random changes in the genetic material of organisms. A mutation may ____ the traits of organisms in a way that ________ their chances of ______ and ______.
new species **evolve** from **preexisting species** by the accumulation of **mutations**, which are random changes in the genetic material of organisms. A mutation may **alter** the traits of organisms in a way that **increases** their chances of **survival** and **reproduction**.
33
What do we call beneficial mutation
**Natural selection**
34
What are mutations
Random changes in the genetic material of organisms
35
Horizontal gene transfer
the movement of genetic information *between* different species
36
What is an example of horizontal gene transfer?
The spread of antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria
37
What was horizontal gene transfers role during the early stages of evolution?
During the early stages of evolution, horizontal gene transfer was an **important** part of the process that **gave rise to all modern species**
38
biologists have re-evaluated the concept of evolution. Rather than a tree of life, what is used?
A **"web of life,"** which accounts for both vertical evolution and horizontal gene transfer
39
What is taxonomy
A sub-discipline of biology in which scientists attempt to determine the extent of the relatedness of species and then group related species together.
40
What are two reasons why taxonomy is important?
1. Helps us understand and clarify evolutionary relationships in organisms 2. Helps scientists communicate (know that they are working on the same organism even if accross the world)
41
What is the rationale for categorizaton usually based on? Explain.
Based on **vertical descent** - Species with a recent common ancestor are grouped together, while species whose common ancestor is in the very distant past are placed into different groups.
42
What is the taxonomy classification called?
Linnean hierarchical classification
43
What is Linnean hierarchical classification based on?
Based on the premise that the **species was the smallest unit**, and that **each species (or taxon) belonged to a higher category**.
44
What is the order of Linnean hierarchical classification?
Domains Kingdoms Phyla Classes Orders Families Genera Species
45
What is the purpose of nomenclature
Allows speaking and writing different languages could communicate clearly.
46
What are the three domains in which all forms of life can be placed
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
47
Which domains are prokaryotic, and what does this mean?
Bacteria and archarea are prokaryotic. This means that they do NOT have a nucleus
48
Which organisms are eukariotic
Organisms in the domain Eukarya
49
What can be said about eukaryotic oganisms?
They have **larger cells** with membrane-bound internal compartments that **serve various functions**
50
What are the six kingdoms, and are they eukariotic or procaryotic?
- Animalia (E) - Plantae (E) - Fungi (E) - Protista (E) - Eubacteria (P) - Archaebacteria (P)
51
If two organisms belong to the same family, what else can be said about them
They also belong to the same "everything above": the same order, class, phyla, kingdom and domain

Biology (12 decks)

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