Macromolecules and Enzymes Flashcards
What are living things made of?
Macromolecules, micronutrients, special nutrients
What are macromolecules made up of?
CHNOPS - carbo, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur - 98% of mass of all living organims
Micronutrient
- required in small amounts
- used in chemical reactions
- vitamins and minerals and such
Special nutrients
WATER - dissolver, transporter, temp maintainer, cushion, waste flusher
FIBER - composed of indegistible cellulose, prevents obesity, colon cancer, etc..
Four main types of macromolecules
- Nucleic acids - DNA
- Lipids
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
Breaking macromolecule
Hydrolysis (catabolic reaction)
Assembling macromolecule
Dehydration synthesis (anabolic reaction)
Carb ration
1:2:1 Carbon: Hydrogen: Oxygen.
Carb description
- Most common in nature
- ## Burned in mitochodria - first choice for E
Why do we need carbs?
- Fuel - carbs burned for ATP
- Building materials - cell wall, plant fibers
- DNA/RNA - part of nucleic acids
Monosacharides - part of carbs
- galactose
- fructose
- glucose
all same formula - C6H12O6 but diff bonding = diff arangement
Disacharides -
two monosacharides linked together
1. Lactose - galactose + glucose
2. Sucrose - fructose + glucose
3. maltose - glucose + glucose
Polysacharides
Multiple monosacharides linked together - forms polymer
- Starch - plants - 1000-6000
- Cellulose - plant building stuff
- Glycogen - liver and muscles in things with spines
- Chitin - fungi
Lipids
Insoluble in water
Fats, oils, waxes, steroids
2nd prefered source of E
1 g of fat stores 2x more E than 1g of carb
Fat monomers
1 glycerol reacts with 3 fatty acids = triglecride
Saturated vs unsaturated vs trans fats
- Saturated=single bonds = solid - animal
- unsaturates=double bonds=liquid
- trans fats= unsaturated=hydrogenated
Protiens
- subunits=amino acids
- 20 diff amino acids, nine are essential - come from diet, 11 are not
- essential =
General Structure of Protiens
1 amino group=NHx
1 R group - depending on R group protiens will have diff characteristics
1 Carboxyl group = -cooh
Bonds in protiens and monomers and polymer names
- Peptide bonds
- monomer = chain of amino acids
- polymer = polypetide
monomers and polymers of nucleic acid and what it is
Code that determines growth and appearance function of cell
DNA and RNA = polymer
nucleotide = monomer - made of phosphate, sugar and Nitrogen base
DNA vs RNA
DNA = code that determines what cell will be
RNA = thing that reads code and instruct cell how to build
Enzymes
Catalysts - speed up reactions
How do enzymes speed up reactions
lowering ammount of E needed for reaction - Activation Energy barrier - can be used more than once
How do enzymes work?
- They are substrate specific
- substrate molecules combine with certain enzyme at active site wich is specialized shape “dock”
- When the enzyme and substrate connect = enzyme substrate complex
- substrate is changed by enzyme and and is now new product
Coenzyme
- Used to help substrate fit in enzyme
- they are protiens
Cofactors
- used to help substrate fit in enzyme
- inorganic protiens - Zn, Mg
