Macromolecules And Enzymes Flashcards
Carbohydrates (sugars)
Organic molecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Macromolecules
Huge and most common organic molecules found in living organisms as many as thousands of atoms of carbon and otheratoms bonded together
The early atmosphere of the earth contained:
H2O, N2, CO2, CH4, NH3
Miller-urey apparatus
Model of what conditions were like on earth when life arose
Apparatus conditions
High amount of lightning, heat and gases released by volcanic actively, and water vapor present in the atmosphere
4 macromolecules of life
Carbohydrates, DNA and RNA, lipids, and proteins
Organic chemistry
The study of the carbon components that make up living organisms
Backbone of all organic compounds
Carbon because of its unusual ability to form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms
Monosaccharides
Simplest sugars
What is found in both structural and energy storage molecules?
Glucose, galactose, and fructose
Ribose
Sugar Used for RNA
Deoxyribose
Sugar Used for DNA
Disaccharides
Double-sugars, made of two monosaccharides chemically bonded together (sucrose, maltose’s lactose, etc)
Polysaccharides
Polymers of sugars
Polymer
A molecule that has a large number of repeating similar units bonded together
Two roles of polysaccharides
Providing structure and energy storage
Starch
An energy storage polysaccharide of plants, made of 300-1000 glucose molecules joined together
Glycogen
Storage polysaccharide in animals, nearly identical to starch except that the molecule branches off more mainly stored in liver and muscle cells. Utilized for quick bursts of activity
Cellulose
Structural polysaccharide that makes the strongest part of the cell wall of plants, only digestable for certain animals
Nucleic acids
Genetic material of our cells like DNA and RNAs, a polymer made of nucleotides
Each nucleotide is made of:
A phosphate group, nitrogen containing base, sugar(ribose or deoxyribose)
DNA
Made of two strands of nucleotides that form a double-helix shape. The nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds with each other
RNA
A single stranded molecule
Lipids
Organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, only class of mascromdlecuke that does not form polymers, considered hydrophobic because they cannot dissolve in water
Triglycerides
Combo of glycerin and fatty acids, considered the biggest component of plant and animal fat
Saturated fatty acid
Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds, solid at room temperature and have a straighter shape that can be packed tighter together
Unsaturated fatty acids
Have one or more double bonds and are liquid at room temperature
Trans fats
Unsaturated fatty acids that have been changed to have fewer double bonds
Phospholipids
One of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate. The two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic but the phosphate head is hydrophilic meaning it will dissolve in water
Bilayer
Double-layered film of molecules formed when phospholipids are added to water of
Steroids
The chains of carbon and hydrogen form four interlocking rings, includes cholesterol, cortisone, and the sex hormones
Proteins
Made of chains of amino acids, shape is determine by sequence and function is determined by shape
Morphine
Activates many of the same protein receptors on cell membranes and causes similar effects
Endorphin
Protein that reduces pain and stimulates feelings of euphoria in the nervous system
Protein functions
Structural support, movement, transportation within cells, buffering against changes in ph, regulation of chemical reactions, control and defense
Enzymes
Special proteins that catalyzes or speed up the rate of chemical reactions in the body
Substrates
Reactants/inputs that bind to active site of enzyme
Products
The substances that are produced following the reaction between enzyme and substrates
Denaturation
A change in shape that disables a protein’s function and is most often caused by heat orexposure to acid
