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Bio 110 Lecture > Macromolecules And Enzymes > Flashcards

Macromolecules And Enzymes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Carbohydrates (sugars)

A

Organic molecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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2
Q

Macromolecules

A

Huge and most common organic molecules found in living organisms as many as thousands of atoms of carbon and otheratoms bonded together

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3
Q

The early atmosphere of the earth contained:

A

H2O, N2, CO2, CH4, NH3

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4
Q

Miller-urey apparatus

A

Model of what conditions were like on earth when life arose

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5
Q

Apparatus conditions

A

High amount of lightning, heat and gases released by volcanic actively, and water vapor present in the atmosphere

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6
Q

4 macromolecules of life

A

Carbohydrates, DNA and RNA, lipids, and proteins

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7
Q

Organic chemistry

A

The study of the carbon components that make up living organisms

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8
Q

Backbone of all organic compounds

A

Carbon because of its unusual ability to form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms

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9
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simplest sugars

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10
Q

What is found in both structural and energy storage molecules?

A

Glucose, galactose, and fructose

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11
Q

Ribose

A

Sugar Used for RNA

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12
Q

Deoxyribose

A

Sugar Used for DNA

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13
Q

Disaccharides

A

Double-sugars, made of two monosaccharides chemically bonded together (sucrose, maltose’s lactose, etc)

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14
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Polymers of sugars

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15
Q

Polymer

A

A molecule that has a large number of repeating similar units bonded together

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16
Q

Two roles of polysaccharides

A

Providing structure and energy storage

17
Q

Starch

A

An energy storage polysaccharide of plants, made of 300-1000 glucose molecules joined together

18
Q

Glycogen

A

Storage polysaccharide in animals, nearly identical to starch except that the molecule branches off more mainly stored in liver and muscle cells. Utilized for quick bursts of activity

19
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural polysaccharide that makes the strongest part of the cell wall of plants, only digestable for certain animals

20
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Genetic material of our cells like DNA and RNAs, a polymer made of nucleotides

21
Q

Each nucleotide is made of:

A

A phosphate group, nitrogen containing base, sugar(ribose or deoxyribose)

22
Q

DNA

A

Made of two strands of nucleotides that form a double-helix shape. The nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds with each other

23
Q

RNA

A

A single stranded molecule

24
Q

Lipids

A

Organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, only class of mascromdlecuke that does not form polymers, considered hydrophobic because they cannot dissolve in water

25
Q

Triglycerides

A

Combo of glycerin and fatty acids, considered the biggest component of plant and animal fat

26
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds, solid at room temperature and have a straighter shape that can be packed tighter together

27
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Have one or more double bonds and are liquid at room temperature

28
Q

Trans fats

A

Unsaturated fatty acids that have been changed to have fewer double bonds

29
Q

Phospholipids

A

One of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate. The two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic but the phosphate head is hydrophilic meaning it will dissolve in water

30
Q

Bilayer

A

Double-layered film of molecules formed when phospholipids are added to water of

31
Q

Steroids

A

The chains of carbon and hydrogen form four interlocking rings, includes cholesterol, cortisone, and the sex hormones

32
Q

Proteins

A

Made of chains of amino acids, shape is determine by sequence and function is determined by shape

33
Q

Morphine

A

Activates many of the same protein receptors on cell membranes and causes similar effects

34
Q

Endorphin

A

Protein that reduces pain and stimulates feelings of euphoria in the nervous system

35
Q

Protein functions

A

Structural support, movement, transportation within cells, buffering against changes in ph, regulation of chemical reactions, control and defense

36
Q

Enzymes

A

Special proteins that catalyzes or speed up the rate of chemical reactions in the body

37
Q

Substrates

A

Reactants/inputs that bind to active site of enzyme

38
Q

Products

A

The substances that are produced following the reaction between enzyme and substrates

39
Q

Denaturation

A

A change in shape that disables a protein’s function and is most often caused by heat orexposure to acid

Bio 110 Lecture (5 decks)

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