Macromolecules

Question 1

What are functional groups

Answer 1

7 chemical groups that add diversity to carbon skeletons

Question 2

Hydroxyl

Answer 2

-OH
found in alcohols and carbohydrates
can form hydrogen bonds
hydrophilic 
ex is ethanol

Question 3

Carbonyl

Answer 3

-Carbon with double bonded O
within a molecule called ketone
at end of molecule called aldehyde
ex is acetone and formaldehyde

Question 4

Carboxyl

Answer 4

-Carbon double bonded O and an OH
highly polar, gives off a proton in water
found in amino acids
ex is acetic acid

Question 5

Amino

Answer 5

-NH2
very polar group: N attracts a proton H+ in water
in solution it becomes NH3+
found in amino acids
ex is urea

Question 6

Sulfhydryl

Answer 6

-SH
hydrophilic
vital to protein function
polar group
ex is cysteine

Question 7

Phosphate

Answer 7

P bonded to 4 O with one double bond
2 negative charges
very polar
used in nucleotides
ex is ATP

Question 8

Methyl

Answer 8

-CH3
hydrophobic
important for DNA
ex is thymine and uracil

Question 9

What are the four macromolecules

Answer 9

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

Question 10

What is dehydration responsible for

Answer 10

synthesis/creation of polymers by removing a water molecule

Question 11

What is hydrolysis responsible for

Answer 11

breakdown of polymers by adding a water molecule

Question 12

general formula for carbohydrates

Answer 12

Cn[H2O]n (n>= 3)

Question 13

What are carbohydrates

Answer 13

sugars
saccharides (mono and di)
usually ends in -ose
carbonyl and hydroxyl
most important is glucose

Question 14

How are monosaccharides classified

Answer 14

number of carbons
location of carbonyl group
handedness (asymmetric C)
there are linear and ring forms for 5- and 6- carbon sugars

Question 15

ketoses v. aldoses

Answer 15

ketoses have carbonyl group inside while aldoses have carbonyl group at the end

Question 16

what are disaccharides

Answer 16

two sugars that are covalently joined at a glycosidic bond/linkage like maltose(GG), sucrose (GF), and lactose (GGal)

Question 17

how do disaccharides form

Answer 17

through dehydration - removing water molecules

Question 18

What are polysaccharides used for

Answer 18

storage like alpa glucose to store energy and structural like beta glucose for cellulose

Question 19

What are lipids

Answer 19

not true polymers
large parts of hydrocarbons
very hydrophobic
fats, phospholipids, steroids

Question 20

Describe phospholipids

Answer 20

polar molecules that make the membrane of a cell, has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail, with 2 fatty acids connected at the glycerol

Question 21

Examples of steroids

Answer 21

cholesterol, estradiol, testosterone

4 fused rings with different functional groups that have a planar structure

Question 22

What are polypeptides

Answer 22

Proteins, polymers of amino acids

Question 23

What makes a peptide

Answer 23

amino group, carboxyl group, H, and a R chain group

Question 24

What is the alpha carbon

Answer 24

the asymmetric carbon

Question 25

What is a peptide bond

Answer 25

where to amino acids join by dehydration between the OH of carboxyl and H of amino group

Question 26

What are the two ends of a polypeptide

Answer 26

Amino End (N-terminus)
Carboxyl End (C-terminus)

Question 27

How are amino acids structured

Answer 27

primary structure: the amino acid sequence
secondary structure: beta pleated sheets of alpha helices with h bonding
tertiary structure: interaction of R’s by h-bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, and hydryphobic interactions

Question 28

quaternary structure

Answer 28

multiple protein subunits interlocked togethers

Question 29

What are nucleic acids

Answer 29

storage of information

gene expression