Cell Structure

Question 1

nucleus

Answer 1

houses the cell’s genetic information
transcription occurs
messenger RNAs are exported through nuclear pores to then cytoplasm
proteins that are components of ribosomes, gene expression, and transcription proteins are transported to the nucleus

Question 2

nuclear envelope

Answer 2

double membrane (two lipid bilayers

Question 3

nuclear pore

Answer 3

complex of proteins that regulate entry and exit of proteins and RNA

Question 4

nuclear lamina

Answer 4

array of intermediate filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus, lies underneath the envelope

Question 5

nucleolus

Answer 5

site ribosomal RNA synthesis n\and assembly of ribosomes

Question 6

ribosomes

Answer 6

carries out translation were mRNA is translated into growing proteins (polypeptide chains)
consists of multiple proteins and RNA components to create a large and small subunits in which mRNA fits in between
they are found free in cytosol or bound to systolic face of ER

Question 7

endomembrane system

Answer 7

consists of the nuclear membrane, ER, golgi apparatus, plasma membrane, and lysosomes
this system is responsible for trafficking of macromolecules by using transport vesicles

Question 8

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 8

a membrane continuous with the nuclear envelope
rough - bound to ribosomes
smooth - not bounded to ribosomes that carries out metabolic funtions

Question 9

function of smooth ER

Answer 9

lipid synthesis (along with steroids
carbohydrate metabolism
detoxification of drugs by adding OH groups
Ca++ ion storage

Question 10

function of rough ER

Answer 10

where secreted proteins are first made
modifies proteins like glycoproteins
makes membranes

Question 11

golgi apparatus

Answer 11

the Fedex of the cell
similar to ER but ribosomes do not bind to it
have cisternae - sacs
receiving side is cis
shipping side is trans
modification of proteins
packaging center tags products
transport vesicles deliver contents from golgi to membrane for exocytosis

Question 12

lysosomes

Answer 12

vesicles that contain enzymes to digest macromolecules
has low pH
autophagy - eats parts of own cell

Question 13

peroxisomes

Answer 13

single membrane organelle that has enzymes in crystalline core to break down other molecules to create H2O2

Question 14

vacuoles

Answer 14

membrane enclosed sacs
in plants and fungi similar to lysosomes
stores water and ions

Question 15

mitochondria

Answer 15

powerhouse of the cell
has an outer and inner membrane with inter membrane space
inside is called the matrix with high surface area with many folds (cristae) where ribosomes are free

Question 16

Chloroplasts

Answer 16

the mitochondria of plants that use sunlight to convert CO2 and H2O into sugars
Chlorophyll absorbs light energy
thylakoids are stacked discs (create grana)
inside of chloroplast is the stroma

Question 17

Endosymbiont Theory

Answer 17

chloroplasts and mitochondria are not a part of end-membrane system
1 step is that mitochondrion entered the cell and then chloroplasts
these were believed to be prokaryotes that were engulfed

Question 18

cytoskeleton

Answer 18

the cytosol is not just a liquid that organelles float in
maintains shape with protein fibers that allow vesicles to create cellular motion
made of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

Question 19

microtubules

Answer 19

largest fiber that are made of alpha and beta tubulin that function in chromosome movements in mitosis and in organelle movement
gives flagella or cilia ability to move

Question 20

microfilaments

Answer 20

smallest fiber that consist of two intertwined strands of actin polymers that function in changes of cell shape

Question 21

intermediate filaments

Answer 21

medium fiber that are made of proteins like keratin that anchor the nucleus and other organelles in place and form part of the nuclear lamina