Macromolecules

Question 1

Water

Hydrophobic

Answer 1

Water-fearing

(does not mix in water)

Question 2

Water

Hydrophilic

Answer 2

Water-loving

(mix well with water)

Question 3

Water

What makes water a unique molecule?

Is it non-polar or polar?

Answer 3

Water molecules are polar, liquid at body temperature, can absorb and hold heat, act as a biological solvent, and help regulate body temperature.

Question 4

Water

Q: What does it mean for a water molecule to be polar?

Answer 4

It means that water has a partial positive charge on one side (hydrogen) and a partial negative charge on the other (oxygen), allowing it to dissolve many substances

Question 5

Water

Why is water important for regulating body temperature?

Answer 5

Water can absorb and hold heat energy, helping to keep body temperature stable.

Question 6

Water

Why is water called the biological solvent?

Answer 6

Because it dissolves many substances necessary for life, making it essential for biological reactions.

Question 7

Define solute and solvent.

Example: salt and water

Answer 7

A solute is a substance that gets dissolved (e.g., salt), and a solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute (e.g., water).

Question 8

PH

What is the pH scale?

From 0 to what number?

Answer 8

A scale from 0 to 14 that measures how acidic or basic a substance is.

Question 9

PH

What are acids, bases, and neutral solutions on the pH scale?

(-, o, +)

Answer 9

Acids: pH below 7 (e.g., lemon juice, vinegar)
Neutral: pH 7 (e.g., pure water)
Bases: pH above 7 (e.g., soap, bleach)

Question 10

PH

What are buffers, and why are they important?

What to they maintain?

Answer 10

Buffers help maintain stable pH levels by neutralizing small amounts of acids or bases, preventing drastic pH changes in the body.

Question 11

Carbon

Why is carbon important for life?

Answer 11

1. Makes up 18% of the human body
2. Forms** 4 covalent bonds**
3. Can form single or double bonds
4. Can build micro- and macromolecules

Question 12

Water

What do dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis do?

Which builds and break downs molecules?

Answer 12

Dehydration synthesis builds molecules by removing water
Hydrolysis breaks down molecules by adding water

Question 13

Carbon

What are carbohydrates made of?

They are formed from surgas in three.

(M,D,P)

Answer 13

Monosaccharides: Simple sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose)
Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides bonded (e.g., sucrose, maltose, lactose)
Polysaccharides: Long chains of monosaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose)

Question 14

Lipids

Q: What are lipids, and what are the three main types?

Are they hydrophobic?

(T, P, S)

Answer 14

1. Triglycerides (fats & oils)
2. Phospholipids (main component of plasma membranes)
3. Steroids (e.g., cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone)

Lipids are hydrophobic.

Question 15

Lipids

What are triglycerides, and how are they classified?

What kind of fats does it contain?

Answer 15

Contain glycerol + three fatty acid chains and are classified as:

Saturated fats (solid at room temp, found in animal fats)
Unsaturated fats (liquid at room temp, found in plant oils)

Question 16

Lipids

What are phospholipids, and why are they important?

Do they also contain glycerol? How many fatty acids do they contain?

Answer 16

Phospholipids contain glycerol, phosphate, and two fatty acid chains and are the main component of cell membranes.

Heads are hydrophilic (water-loving)
Tails are hydrophobic (water-fearin

Question 17

Lipids

What are steroids?

Answer 17

Steroids are macromolecules with four carbon rings (e.g., cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone).

Question 18

Proteins

What are proteins made of?

They contain two macromoleules.

(A, PD)

Answer 18

Proteins are large macromolecules made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Question 19

Protein

Q: How many amino acids exist, and how many are essential?

How many are essential?

Answer 19

A: There are 20 amino acids, and 8 are essential (cannot be made by the human body).

Question 20

Protein

Q: What are the four levels of protein structure?

(P,A,T,Q)

End with “ary”

Answer 20

1. Primary – Amino acid sequence
2. Secondary – Alpha helices & beta sheets
3. Tertiary – 3D structure
4. Quaternary – Multiple polypeptides joined

Question 21

Proteins

Q: How can proteins be denatured, and what happens when they are?

(denatured=exposed to high heat)

Answer 21

A: Proteins lose their shape (and function) when exposed to high heat or extreme pH changes.

Question 22

Proteins

Q: What are enzymes, and why are they important?

Answer 22

A: Enzymes are proteins

Question 23

Nucleic Acids

What are nucleic acids, and what do they do?

(hint: what is our genes?)

Answer 23

(DNA & RNA)

store genetic information.

Question 24

Nucleic Acids

What is DNA, and what is its structure?

Answer 24

• Deoxyribose sugar
• Phosphate group
• Four bases: A, T, C, G
• Double helix structure (A pairs with T, C pairs with G)

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Question 25

# Nucleic Acids What is RNA, and how is it different from DNA?

Answer 25

* Ribose sugar (instead of deoxyribose) * Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T) * Single-stranded structure | RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

Question 26

# Nucleic Acid What is **ATP**, and why is it important?

Answer 26

**ATP** (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the **energy** **currency** of the **cell**. When **phosphate** bonds **break**, energy is released for cellular work, forming **ADP**.