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biological sciences > macromolecules > Flashcards

macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

5 ways the carbon backbone can vary

A

Length (number of carbons)
Branching
Number of double bonds
Circularization
Isomerization

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2
Q

what’s is the Max H that 2 C’s can hold. what happens if a compound holds less than this

A

6
means its unsaturated

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3
Q

what’s unsaturated

A

carbon backbone with not the max number of H’s bonded
- DOUBLE BONDS SHOW THIS

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4
Q

what’s saturated

A

carbon backbone with the max number of H’s bonded

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5
Q

isomerization meaning

A

Things with identical chemical formulas but different structures

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6
Q

3 ways isomers can vary in structure

A

-Structural
-Geometric
-Enantiomers

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7
Q

what does Cis and Trans mean in geometric isomer variation

A
  • Cis = X on the same side of the horizontal line – no rotation around that bond
  • Trans - X on opposite side of the horizontal line – allow rotation around that bond
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8
Q

Enantiomers variation in isomers

A

structure is mirrored

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9
Q

4 Biological macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Nucleic acids

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10
Q

reaction that brings monomers together

A

dehydration synthesis (lose water)

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11
Q

reaction that breaks monomers apart

A

hydrolysis (add water)

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12
Q

carbohydrates / sugar monomers, polymers and type of bond

A

Monosaccharides - CH2O (generally)
Polysaccharides
Glycosidic linkages

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13
Q

Lipid monomers, polymers and type of bond

A

Fatty acids
Triacylglycerols
Ester linkages

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14
Q

Proteins monomers, polymers and type of bond

A

Amino acids
Polypeptides
Peptide bonds

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15
Q

Nucleic acid monomers, polymers and type of bond

A

Nucleotides
Polynucleotides
Phosphodiester bonds

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16
Q

what are carbohydrates classified by

A

location of the carbonyl – tells you if it’s an ALDOSE or KETOSE

17
Q

3 things carbohydrates are classified by

A
  • location of the carbonyl (aldose or ketose)
  • number of carbons (length of chain)
  • spatial arrangement e.g. alpha or beta glucose
18
Q

location of carbonyl on aldose and ketose carbohydrates

A

Aldose = carbonyl on end (top or bottom) ^
Ketose = carbonyl in middle <

19
Q

Monosaccharides importance in cells

A

serves as fuel source

20
Q

what are Disaccharides

A

2 monos joined by a dehydration synthesis

21
Q

3 types of disaccharides

A
  • Maltose = glucose + glucose
  • Sucrose (poison) = glucose + fructose
  • lactose = galactose + glucose
22
Q

what are Polysaccharides

A

polymers of sugar

23
Q

2 types of polysaccharides

A
  • Starch & glycogen
  • cellulose
24
Q

Starch & glycogen characteristics

A
  • Store energy
    S = plant
    G = animals
  • Alpha glucose monomer (OH on bottom)
  • Helicase shape
  • human digestible
25
Q

cellulose characteristics

A
  • Provides structure to plants / involved in fibre
  • Beta glucose monomer (OH on top)
  • Linear sheets shape
  • not human digestible
26
Q

difference between alpha and beta glucose polymers

A
  • alpha glucose polymers spiral and form helix
  • beta glucose polymers impossible to spiral (linear) but create strong fibres by lining up by hydroxyl groups
27
Q

3 types of lipids

A

Fats
Phospholipids
Steroids

28
Q

lipids characteristic

A
  • oils
  • non polar
29
Q

fats major function

A

energy storage

30
Q

what 2 smaller molecules are fats Constructed from

A

Fatty acids (3)
Glycerol (1)

31
Q

2 things Fatty acids vary in

A

length of carbon chain
degree of saturation

32
Q

what are Saturated fatty acids

A
  • maximum number of H
  • no double bonds (means there is free rotation aka TRANS) – allows them to come together and nest to hide from water
  • solid at room temp (all animal fats except fish are saturated)
33
Q

what are unsaturated fatty acids

A
  • missing amount of H bonds
  • 1 or more double bonds - causes a kink (no free rotation around the bond aka CIS)
  • molecules cannot stack on one another
  • liquids at room temp (fat of plants and fish)
34
Q

what are phospholipids constructed from

A

2 fatty acids
Phosphate group
Glycerol

35
Q

important characteristic of phospholipids

A

Hydrophobic tail
Hydrophilic head (phosphate group)

36
Q

Major role of phospholipids

A

cell membrane
- When put into water they self-assemble into a phospholipid bilayer - Hydrophilic head on outside + Hydrophobic tail on inside

37
Q

Steroids structure

A

Carbon skeleton of 4 rings (3 x 6sided and 1 x 5sided)
- see notes for drawing

38
Q

most common steroid and its 2 important roles

A

cholesterol
- Important component of lipid bilayers
- Precursor for signalling molecules

39
Q

where is cholesterol synthesised

A

liver

biological sciences (13 decks)

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