CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Question 1

what is reduction

Answer 1

something that gains an electron (RIG)
**happens in pair with oxidation

Question 2

what is oxidation

Answer 2

something that loses an electron (OIL)
**happens in pair with reduction

Question 3

what is Cellular respiration

Answer 3

oxidation off sugars to turn ADP -> ATP
- organic molecules + o2 (oxidizes food to make ATP) = co2 + h2o
**If a sugar is getting oxidized, a dinucleotide is getting reduced (NAD -> NADH)

Question 4

what is the Most oxidized form of carbon

Answer 4

CO2

Question 5

4 stages of cellular respiration

Answer 5

1. glycolysis (cytoplasm)
2. transfer of products to mitochondria
3. citric acid cycle (mitochondria)
4. oxidative phosphorylation (mitochondria)

Question 6

what happens / what are the products of glycolysis

Answer 6

• Break 6C sugar -> 2 3C sugars
• Uses up 2x ATP ( ATP -> ADP)
• Makes 2x NADH (NAD -> NADH = reduction)
• Makes 4x ATP (ADP -> ATP = substrate level phosphorylisation)
  **NET ATP = 2, NET NADH = 2

Question 7

what happens / what are the products of transfer of products to mitochondria

Answer 7

• Add coenzyme A -> acetyl CoA (very reactive)
• Lose CO2
• Make 2x NADH (NAD -> NADH = reduction)
  **NET NADH = 2

Question 8

what happens / what are the products of the citric acid cycle

Answer 8

• Makes 2x ATP (ADP -> ATP = substrate level phosphorylisation)
• Makes 6x NADH
• Makes 2x FADH

Question 9

what happens / what are the products of oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 9

Electron transport
Chemiosmosis

Question 10

5 enzymes names

Answer 10

Dehydrogenase
Phosphatase
Kinase
Isomerase
Synthetase

Question 11

what activity does Dehydrogenase carry out

Answer 11

removes Hydrogen (removes electron - oxidizes)
**Every oxidation reaction = dehydrogenase

Question 12

what activity does Phosphatase carry out

Answer 12

removes phosphate groups

Question 13

what activity does Kinase carry out

Answer 13

adds phosphate group

Question 14

what activity does Isomerase carry out

Answer 14

makes an isomer – rearrange the molecules

Question 15

what activity does Synthetase carry out

Answer 15

synthesizes one molecule from two or more molecules

Question 16

example of how to figure out the activity carried out by an enzyme

Answer 16

Hexokinase
- Kinase adds P
- Hexose = 6 carbon sugar
So hexokinase enzyme adds a P to a 6 carbon sugar

Question 17

oxidative vs substrate level phosphorylization

Answer 17

• oxidative - Involves the transfer of electrons through the ETC
• substrate level phosphorylization - Occurs during glycolysis + citric acid cycle (ADP -> ATP)

Question 18

2 parts of oxidative phosphorylization

Answer 18

• ETC
• Chemiosmosis - atp synthase turns to create ATP from ADP + inorganic phosphate

Question 19

how many ATP does NADH and FADH2 make

Answer 19

NADH = 3
FADH2 = 2 - less chemical potential energy

Question 20

explain the steps in ETC

Answer 20

• dinucleotides (NADH/FADH) get oxidised - release their electrons
• electrons pass through the complexes in the chain making energy
• protons get pumped accross the membrane to make gradient (high concentration of H⁺ ions in the intermembrane space and low concentration in the matrix)
• Protons flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase making ATP from ADP + Pi (chemiosmosis)
• H+ and electrons comines with O2 (final electron repetor) to make water

Question 21

how many ATPs are produced from 1 glucose during aerobic respiration

Answer 21

38

Question 22

what happens when O2 is not available to be the final electron receptor in cellular respiration

Answer 22

fermentation
1. lactic acid fermentation - pyruvate turned into lactate (lactic acid) - happens in yogurt
2. alcohol fermentation - pyruvate made into CO2 + ethanol

Question 23

what kind of reaction is cellular respiration

Answer 23

catabolic

Question 24

what is energy coupling

Answer 24

to manage energy resources organisms couple exergonic reactions with endergonic reactions