CELLULAR RESPIRATION Flashcards
what is reduction
something that gains an electron (RIG)
**happens in pair with oxidation
what is oxidation
something that loses an electron (OIL)
**happens in pair with reduction
what is Cellular respiration
oxidation off sugars to turn ADP -> ATP
- organic molecules + o2 (oxidizes food to make ATP) = co2 + h2o
**If a sugar is getting oxidized, a dinucleotide is getting reduced (NAD -> NADH)
what is the Most oxidized form of carbon
CO2
4 stages of cellular respiration
- glycolysis (cytoplasm)
- transfer of products to mitochondria
- citric acid cycle (mitochondria)
- oxidative phosphorylation (mitochondria)
what happens / what are the products of glycolysis
- Break 6C sugar -> 2 3C sugars
- Uses up 2x ATP ( ATP -> ADP)
- Makes 2x NADH (NAD -> NADH = reduction)
- Makes 4x ATP (ADP -> ATP = substrate level phosphorylisation)
**NET ATP = 2, NET NADH = 2
what happens / what are the products of transfer of products to mitochondria
- Add coenzyme A -> acetyl CoA (very reactive)
- Lose CO2
- Make 2x NADH (NAD -> NADH = reduction)
**NET NADH = 2
what happens / what are the products of the citric acid cycle
- Makes 2x ATP (ADP -> ATP = substrate level phosphorylisation)
- Makes 6x NADH
- Makes 2x FADH
what happens / what are the products of oxidative phosphorylation
Electron transport
Chemiosmosis
5 enzymes names
Dehydrogenase
Phosphatase
Kinase
Isomerase
Synthetase
what activity does Dehydrogenase carry out
removes Hydrogen (removes electron - oxidizes)
**Every oxidation reaction = dehydrogenase
what activity does Phosphatase carry out
removes phosphate groups
what activity does Kinase carry out
adds phosphate group
what activity does Isomerase carry out
makes an isomer – rearrange the molecules
what activity does Synthetase carry out
synthesizes one molecule from two or more molecules
example of how to figure out the activity carried out by an enzyme
Hexokinase
- Kinase adds P
- Hexose = 6 carbon sugar
So hexokinase enzyme adds a P to a 6 carbon sugar
oxidative vs substrate level phosphorylization
- oxidative - Involves the transfer of electrons through the ETC
- substrate level phosphorylization - Occurs during glycolysis + citric acid cycle (ADP -> ATP)
2 parts of oxidative phosphorylization
- ETC
- Chemiosmosis - atp synthase turns to create ATP from ADP + inorganic phosphate
how many ATP does NADH and FADH2 make
NADH = 3
FADH2 = 2 - less chemical potential energy
explain the steps in ETC
- dinucleotides (NADH/FADH) get oxidised - release their electrons
- electrons pass through the complexes in the chain making energy
- protons get pumped accross the membrane to make gradient (high concentration of H⁺ ions in the intermembrane space and low concentration in the matrix)
- Protons flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase making ATP from ADP + Pi (chemiosmosis)
- H+ and electrons comines with O2 (final electron repetor) to make water
how many ATPs are produced from 1 glucose during aerobic respiration
38
what happens when O2 is not available to be the final electron receptor in cellular respiration
fermentation
1. lactic acid fermentation - pyruvate turned into lactate (lactic acid) - happens in yogurt
2. alcohol fermentation - pyruvate made into CO2 + ethanol
what kind of reaction is cellular respiration
catabolic
what is energy coupling
to manage energy resources organisms couple exergonic reactions with endergonic reactions
