Macromolecules

Question 1

What is the majority of a molecule made of?

Answer 1

Proteins

Question 2

What’s the phenomenon that happens when 2 monomers react together?

Answer 2

Condensation

Question 3

What is condensation/dehydration?

Answer 3

It’s when 2 monomers react with one another and one loses an H and the other loses an OH (basically water is removed)

Question 4

What’s the reverse reaction of condensation?

Answer 4

Hydrolysis

Question 5

What are proteins made of?

Answer 5

Amino acids

Question 6

Why is folding so important in proteins?

Answer 6

Folding helps create new bonds, therefore make a bigger molecule

Question 7

What are the 6 ways amino acids are classified?

Answer 7

• 5 have charged hydrophilic side chains
• 5 have uncharged hydrophilic (polar) side chains
• 7 have hydrophobic (nonpolar) side chains
• Cysteine has a terminal disulfide (—S—S—)
• Glycine has a hydrogen atom as the R group
• Proline has a modified amino group that forms a covalent bond with the R group, forming a ring

Question 8

What differentiates proline from the other exceptions?

Answer 8

It forms a ring, that includes the amino group

Question 9

What are the bonds that keep amino acids together?

Answer 9

Peptide bonds

Question 10

What are the common secondary structures of proteins?

Answer 10

• α-helix (alpha-helix)
• β-pleated sheet (beta-pleated sheet)

Question 11

What is a α-helix?

Answer 11

• one single strand
• right-handed coil
• held together by H-bonds

Question 12

What is a β-pleated sheet?

Answer 12

-A single strand that lies parallel to each other and that is pleated

Question 13

What is a tertiary structure?

Answer 13

One peptide chain that is held together by

• H-bonds
• Disulfide bridges
• van Der waals bonds
• ionic bonds
• aggregation of hydrophobic side chains

Question 14

What is a primary structure?

Answer 14

A loose strand of peptide bonds

Question 15

What can affect the shape of a protein?

Answer 15

• changes in temp.
• changes in pH
• changes in salt concentration
• changes in oxidation or reduction conditions

Question 16

What are chaperonins for?

Answer 16

Control the folding of proteins

Question 17

What are carbohydrates?

Answer 17

• First source of energy
  -C molecules with H groups or hydroxyl groups

Question 18

What are the 4 major categories of carbohydrates?

Answer 18

• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Oligosaccharides
• Polysaccharides

Question 19

What bond keeps monosaccharides together?

Answer 19

Glycocidic bonds

Question 20

What are the types of monosaccharides (that I need to know)?

Answer 20

• Pentoses: includes ribose and deoxyribose
• Hexoses: includes glucose

Question 21

What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a carbohydrate?

Answer 21

1 C:2 H:1 O

Question 22

What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose?

Answer 22

Ribose has an O bonded to its H but deoxyribose doesn’t

Question 23

Name 2 Disaccharides.

Answer 23

Sucrose and lactose

Question 24

What is the job of oligosaccharides?

Answer 24

• Are on cells and act as recognition signals
• The ABO blood types owe their specificity to them

Question 25

Which glucose form is more stable?

Answer 25

Ring form

Question 26

What are the 3 types of polysaccharides?

Answer 26

- Starch: Storage for glucose in plants - Glycogen: Storage for glucose in animals - Cellulose (fiber): very stable, good for structure components in plants

Question 27

What does hydrolyze mean?

Answer 27

Breaking a molecule

Question 28

What are the types of glycosidic bonds?

Answer 28

alpha (α) and beta (β) glycosidic bonds

Question 29

Which glycosidic bond can't be broken (hydrolyzed) by the enzymes in animals?

Answer 29

β-glycosidic (beta) bonds

Question 30

Where is glycogen stored?

Answer 30

In the liver

Question 31

When can polysaccharides be used as energy?

Answer 31

When they are branched to another polysaccharide.

Question 32

What is chitin?

Answer 32

- It is a modified carbohydrate

Question 33

How are lipids made?

Answer 33

fatty-acids + glycerol = lipids

Question 34

What differentiates lipids from other macromolecules?

Answer 34

They do not consist of polymers

Question 35

What's the second source of energy organisms?

Answer 35

Fats and oils

Question 36

Describe glycerol and fatty acids.

Answer 36

-Glycerol: 3 carbon chain with 1 hydroxyl group attached to each carbon - Fatty acids: Long chains of hydrocarbons (C-H) with a carboxyl group

Question 37

What bonds fatty acids and glycerol together?

Answer 37

Ester bonds (—O—)

Question 37

What are saturated fatty acids?

Answer 37

- C are bonded through single bonds - Each C atoms have the maximum number of H that they can take **(saturated with H)**

Question 38

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 38

- Have at least one double bond - Not completely saturated with hydrogen

Question 39

Why are unsaturated fatty acids liquid?

Answer 39

The cis double bond causes a bent in the molecules, which makes it harder for them to brick together

Question 40

Describe phospholipids.

Answer 40

- 2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails - 1 hydrophilic phosphate group attached to the glycerol

Question 41

How can the fact that phospholipids are both hydrophobic and hydrophilic be described in one word?

Answer 41

Amphipathic

Question 42

What are steroids?

Answer 42

Signaling molecules/hormones

Question 43

What steroid is the base of all hormones?

Answer 43

Cholesterol

Question 44

What are the lipid-soluble vitamins?

Answer 44

A, D, E and K

Question 45

What vitamins are water-soluble?

Answer 45

B and C

Question 46

Vitamin B and C can be stored in the body. True or False. Explain.

Answer 46

False. They're not lipid soluble and only lipid soluble vitamins can be stored in the body

Question 47

What are waxes made of?

Answer 47

Saturated long fatty acids+ fatty alcohols = waxes

Question 48

What bond keeps wax together?

Answer 48

Ester bonds

Question 49

What Are the most known nucleic acids?

Answer 49

DNA and RNA

Question 50

What are the monomers of RNA and DNA?

Answer 50

Nucleotides

Question 51

What do nucleotides consist of?

Answer 51

Pentose group, phosphate group, nitrogen-containing base

Question 52

What sugars do RNA and DNA use?

Answer 52

RNA: ribose DNA: deoxyribose

Question 53

What are pyrimidines?

Answer 53

Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), and Uracil (U)

Question 54

What are purines?

Answer 54

Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

Question 55

What is the backbone of RNA and DNA made of and what bonds link the structure?

Answer 55

Sugars and phosphate groups which are bound by phosphodiester bonds

Question 56

What bases does DNA use?

Answer 56

Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G) and Thymine (T)

Question 57

How are the bases paired in DNA?

Answer 57

A-T and C-G

Question 58

How are the bases of DNA bound together?

Answer 58

H-bonds

Question 59

Of how many strands is DNA made of?

Answer 59

2

Question 60

What is DNA's primary and secondary structure?

Answer 60

Primary: The sequence of bases Secondary: The 2 strands of the DNA form a double helix (opposite direction)

Question 61

What bases does RNA use?

Answer 61

Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G) and Uracil (U)

Question 62

What are the pairs of bases for RNA?

Answer 62

A-U and C-G

Question 63

How many H-bonds are between each pair of bases?

Answer 63

A-U: 2 H-bonds C-G: 3 H-bonds

Question 64

Of how many strands is RNA made of?

Answer 64

1

Question 65

What nucleotides can catalyze?

Answer 65

Ribozymes (RNA) molecules

Question 66

How do RNA and DNA work?

Answer 66

DNA stores information in the order of the four bases and this order is transferred to RNA, which orders the amino acids in proteins

Question 67

What is the job of ribose?

Answer 67

Make protein