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General Biology 1 > Cell_Cycle_Division > Flashcards

Cell_Cycle_Division Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cell division necessary for in unicellular organisms?

A

Reproduction, growth, and repair/regeneration

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2
Q

What is cell division necessary for in multicellular organisms?

A

Reproduction, growth, and repair of tissues

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3
Q

What organism does binary fission?

A

Prokaryotes

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4
Q

What is binary fission?

A

It is when a prokaryote divides into new cells that are completely identical

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5
Q

What are the 2 steps of binary fission?

A
  1. Replication of DNA
  2. Seperation of the cytoplasm
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6
Q

What type of cell division does prokaryotic cells do?

A

Mitosis

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7
Q

What type of cell division do eukaryotic cells do?

A

Mitosis and meiosis

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8
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The division of somatic (nonsex) cells

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9
Q

What is mitosis for?

A
  • Tissue repair
  • Body growth
  • Replace worn out cells
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10
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Division of germ (sex) cells

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11
Q

What is meiosis for?

A
  • Production of eggs in the ovary or sperm in the testes
  • Used for sexual reproduction
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12
Q

What are the 2 main phases in the mitotic cell cycle?

A

Interphase and mitosis (m phase)

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13
Q

What percentage does interphase cover in the cell cycle?

A

~90%

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14
Q

What are the sub-phases of interphase?

A
  1. G1
  2. S
  3. G2
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15
Q

What happens during G1 phase (Gap 1)?

A
  • Cellular growth
  • Maintenance
  • Chromosomes are single
    -unreplicated structures
  • Restriction point
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16
Q

What happens during the restriction point?

A

Commitment is made to replicate DNA and then divide the cell

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17
Q

What happens during the S phase (Synthesis)?

A
  • DNA replicates
  • One chromosome becomes 2 sister chromatids
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18
Q

What happens during the G2 phase (Gap 2)?

A
  • Cellular growth
  • Preparation for mitosis
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19
Q

What is a synonym of the M phase?

A

Mitosis

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20
Q

What are the sub-phases of the M phase?

A

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

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21
Q

What percentage does mitosis cover in the cell cycle?

A

~10%

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22
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

A cytoplasmic division, and may occur after mitosis

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23
Q

What stimulates the cell cycle?

A
  • Cyclin-Cdk complexes
  • Growth factors
  • Hormones ( provokes cell division)
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24
Q

What forms chromatin?

A

DNA and histone proteins

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25
Q

Steps of the S-phase:

A
  1. Double-helix unwinds and 2 linear strands separate
  2. Each strands does complimentary base pairing
  3. Each chromosomes is composed of 2 identical sister chromatids held together at the centromere
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26
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

DNA wrapped around a histone core (4 histone proteins)

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27
Q

When do the centrosomes double?

A

After DNa replicates

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28
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

2 centrioles perpendicular to each other

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29
Q

What happens during G2 to M transition?

A

Centrosomes move to the opposite ends of the nuclear envelope

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30
Q

What happens when the centrosomes go to the opposite ends of the nuclear envelope?

A

Initiates formation of microtubules which leads to formation of the spindle structure

31
Q

What happens during prophase?

A
  • chromosomes condense; become visible as paired chromatids
  • a kinetochore develops in the centromere region of every chromosome
  • centrosomes serve as poles (mitotic centers); microtubules form between the poles to make the spindle
32
Q

What is a kinetochore?

A

Ring of proteins

33
Q

What are the types of microtubules that form the spindle?

A

Polar microtubules and kinetochore microtubules

34
Q

What are polar microtubules for?

A

Form the spindle structure

35
Q

What are kinetochore microtubules for?

A

Attach the kinetochores on the chromosomes. Reason why sister chromatids attach to opposite halves of the spindle

36
Q

What is the use of polar microtubules for chromosomes?

A

They glide over them (spindle structure) to go to their respective pole

37
Q

What happens during prometaphase?

A
  • Nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear
  • Chromosomes gradually pushed towards the middle of the cell
38
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A
  • Chromosomes are now in the middle of the cell (equatorial plate)
  • At the end, centromere separate
39
Q

What happens during telophase?

A
  • Spindle stru ture breaks down
  • Chromosomes uncoil and become less condensed
  • Nuclear envelope and nucleoli re-form
  • Production of 2 nuclei whose chromosomes are identical to each other and to those of the cells who began the cycle
40
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Division of the cytoplasm

41
Q

How is cytokinesis accomplished in animal cells?

A

Through plasma membrane furrowing caused by contraction of the cytoplasmic microfilaments

42
Q

How is cytokinesis accomplished in plant cells?

A

By vesicle fusion forming the cell wall

43
Q

What are the ways asexual reproduction is used?

A
  1. Unicellular organism reproduces itself
  2. Multicellular replicate cells to form new individual
    In both cases, the offspring is a clone of the original cell
44
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A
  • shuffling of genetic information
  • Through meiosis, division that produces gamete (sexual cells)
45
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

Every body cells except sexual cells (gametes)

46
Q

How many sets of chromosomes do somatic cells have?

A
  • 2 sets of chromosomes (2n)
  • homologous pairs of chromosomes with matching genes
47
Q

How is asexuel reproduction used?

A
  • Unicellular reproduce itself
  • Multicellular replicate cells to form a new organism
48
Q

What is the result of asexual reproduction?

A

Clones, genetically identical to the parent

49
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

The shuffling of genetic information in a population

50
Q

What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction: clones, genetically identical
Sexual reproduction: all offsprings are genetically different

51
Q

What type of cell division does sexual reproduction use?

A

Meiosis

52
Q

What are gametes?

A

Cells specialized for reproduction

53
Q

What other term can be used to replace S-phase?

A

Synthesis

54
Q

How many sets of chromosome do gametes have?

A
  • ## 1 set of chromosomes (haploid: n)
55
Q

What is fertilization?

A

2 haploid gametes (female egg and male sperm) fuse to form a diploid (2n) zygote cell

56
Q

Which cells are haploid?

A

Gametes

57
Q

What are the different types of sexual life cycles?

A
  • Haplontic life cycle
  • Alternation of generations
  • Diplontic life cycle
58
Q

What is the haplontic life cycle?

A

Done by fungi and most protists
- zygote the only diploid stage

59
Q

What is the alternation of generations cycle?

A

Done by plants and photosynthetic protists
- meiosis gives rise to haploid spores

60
Q

What is the diplontic life cycle?

A

Done by animals
- gametes are the only haploid stage

61
Q

What are the nuclear divisions that are done in meiosis?

A

Meiosis I and meiosis II

62
Q

How many cells does meiosis I result in?

A

2 cells

63
Q

When is DNA replicated and how many times?

A

It is replicated before Meiosis I and only once

64
Q

What is metaphase I?

A

Each chromosomes has one kinetochore microtubule which associates it to a polar microtubule

65
Q

What is anaphase I?

A

When 2 homologous chromosomes seperate
- daughter nuclei contain one set of chromosomes
- each chromosome still has two chromatids

66
Q

What is telophase I?

A

The nuclear envelope regenerates
- followed by an interphase called interkinesis

67
Q

What are the steps of interkinesis?

A

G1 and G2

68
Q

What is prophase I?

A
  • homologous chromosomes pair up (synapsis) and chromosomes exchange material by crossing-over (recombination) between non-sister chromatids of two adjacent homologs
69
Q

What is prometaphase I?

A
  • nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear
70
Q

What happens in meiosis II?

A

The sister chromatids seperate
- results in four cells

71
Q

What is the advantage of having a lot of chromosome pairs in a diploid cell?

A

greater diversity of chromosome combinations

72
Q

What kind of meiotic error could happen and what would it cause?

A

Nondisjunction: One member of a homologous pair of chromosomes fails to separate from the other or sister chromatids fail to separate and go to their pole
Results in:
- gamete with an extra chromosome (trisomy)
- other gamete lacking that chromosome (monosomy)

73
Q

What does karyotype mean?

A

The number, shapes, and sizes of the chromosomes in a cell

General Biology 1 (11 decks)

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