Cells

Question 1

What is the function of the surface area in a cell?

Answer 1

It determines the amount of substances that can pass the cell boundary per unit time.

Question 2

What is the function of volume in a cell?

Answer 2

It determines the amount of chemical activity in the cell per unit time

Question 3

Prokaryotic cells are a part of which domains?

Answer 3

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 4

In Bacteria and Archaea, what are the characteristics of the organisms?

Answer 4

-Unicellular
-Lack of internal compartments
-nucleus that is not membrane-bound (nucleoid)

Question 4

What is the domain of eukaryotic cells?

Answer 4

Eukarya

Question 5

What are the 4 kingdoms of Eukarya?

Answer 5

Protist , Plants, Fungi and Animal

Question 6

What are the characteristics of the organisms in Eukarya?

Answer 6

-Unicellular or multicellular
-Many membrane-bound compartments
-Has a nucleus

Question 7

What do all prokaryotic cells have (constitution)?

Answer 7

-Plasma membrane
-Nucleoid region with one circular strand of DNA
-Cytoplasm containing dissolved enzymes, water, and small molecules
-70S (small) ribosomes for making proteins

Question 8

What do most prokaryotes have?

Answer 8

-Cell wall (outside the plasma membrane) made of peptidoglycan

Question 9

What do some prokaryotes have?

Answer 9

-Outer membrane (outside the cell wall)
-Caspsule (outside cell wall or outer membrane)
-Photosynthetic pigments (i.e., cyanobacteria)

Question 10

What are flagella made for and made of?

Answer 10

-Cause movement of the cell
-Made of flagellin

Question 11

What are pili for?

Answer 11

Help bacteria adhere to one another, to other cells, or to environmental surfaces

Question 12

What differentiates eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

Answer 12

-Much larger (10X)
-Have organelles

Question 13

What are the 2 main cells?

Answer 13

Animal and plant cells

Question 14

What is usually the biggest organelle in the eukaryotic cell?

Answer 14

nucleus

Question 15

What surrounds the nucleus?

Answer 15

The nuclear envelope (phospholipid bilayer)

Question 16

Where in the nucleus are ribosomes made?

Answer 16

Nucleolus

Question 17

Which size are the eukaryotic ribosomes?

Answer 17

80S

Question 18

What are ribosomes made of?

Answer 18

RNA and proteins

Question 19

Where can ribosomes be found?

Answer 19

Free-floating or attached to RER

Question 20

What the job of nuclear pores?

Answer 20

Control what goes in and out of the cell

Question 21

Which organelles have DNA?

Answer 21

Nucleus (most of DNA), mitochondria and chloroplast

Question 22

DNA associates with protein to form what?

Answer 22

Chromatin

Question 23

What does chromatin do?

Answer 23

It condenses to form chromosomes when getting ready for cell division

Question 24

What constitutes the endomembrane system?

Answer 24

-All membranes - Plasma membrane - Nuclear envelope - Endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus - lysosomes

Question 25

Why is the rough endoplasmic reticulum described as "rough"?

Answer 25

It has 80S ribosomes on its surface (since ribosomes means make proteins)

Question 26

What is the RER's role in the cell?

Answer 26

- Make proteins - Modify proteins - Fold proteins - Transport proteins to other regions

Question 27

What is SER's role in the cell?

Answer 27

- Make lipids - Some detoxification

Question 28

What composes the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 28

- flattened sacs (cisternae) - Small vesicles

Question 29

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Answer 29

- Receives proteins from RER and modifies them more - Packages and sorts proteins - In plants, uses polysaccharides to make cell walls

Question 30

What happens in the cis region of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 30

Receives vesicles

Question 31

What happens in the trans region of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 31

Releases vesicles

Question 32

What happens in the lysosomes?

Answer 32

There are digestive enzymes that hydrolyze macromolecules into monomers

Question 33

Where are primary lysosomes made?

Answer 33

In the Golgi apparatus

Question 34

How does food come in the molecule?

Answer 34

Food (from outside of the molecule) enters the cell by phagocytosis, forming a phagosome

Question 35

How are secondary lysosomes formed?

Answer 35

Phagosomes + primary lysosome=secondary lysosome

Question 36

What is the meaning of exocytosis?

Answer 36

Getting wastes out of the cell

Question 37

Facts about mitochondria:

Answer 37

- double-membrane bound - 1 circular strand of DNA - 70S ribosomes - Makes ATP

Question 38

What is ATP?

Answer 38

An energy-rich molecule

Question 39

In what organisms can chloraplast be found?

Answer 39

Plants and photosynthetic protists

Question 40

Facts about chloroplast:

Answer 40

- Double-membrane bound - One circular strand of DNA - Do phostosynthesis

Question 41

Where can vacuoles be found and what are they for?

Answer 41

They can be found in plants and alga cells and they store water in the cells

Question 42

What is the cytoskeleton for?

Answer 42

Provides: - strength - shape - movement

Question 43

What are the proteins that compose the cytoskeleton?

Answer 43

- Microfilaments - Intermediate filaments - Microtubules

Question 44

What are microfilaments made of and what are their role?

Answer 44

- Made of actin - Provide movement and strengthen the cellular structure

Question 45

What are intermadiate filaments made of and what are their role?

Answer 45

- Made of keratin - Provide strength to the cell attachments

Question 46

What are microtubules made of and what are their role?

Answer 46

- Made of tubulin - Provide movement (push and pulling)

Question 47

How are cilia and flagella made?

Answer 47

Microtubules in a 9+2 pattern

Question 48

How are cilia and flagella anchored on the cell?

Answer 48

With a basal body made of microtubules in a "9triplets"

Question 49

What type of movement does cilia provide?

Answer 49

short stiff power strokes

Question 50

What type of movement does flagella provide?

Answer 50

Snake-like movement

Question 51

What composes centrioles?

Answer 51

"9triplets" of microtubules

Question 52

What is the role of centrioles in the cell?

Answer 52

Formation of the mitotic spindle

Question 53

What is called a pair of centrioles?

Answer 53

Centrosome

Question 54

Where do chromosomes attach during cell division?

Answer 54

mitotic spindle

Question 55

What is extracellular matrix?

Answer 55

Anything that is outside the cell

Question 56

What is the extracellular matrix for the plant?

Answer 56

Cell wall made of cellulose

Question 57

Fungi's cell wall are made of what?

Answer 57

Chitin

Question 58

How are cell walls important for water organisms?

Answer 58

Helps withstand high osmotic pressure

Question 59

What is the extracellular matrix of animals?

Answer 59

Protein collagen and other glycoproteins