Macromolecules Flashcards
consists of a carbon-based core with special groups attached
organic molecule
a collection of atoms within molecules which bind together to react in predictable ways
functional
groups
The specific amino acid sequence of a protein
primary structure
The initial folding of the amino acid chain by hydrogen bonding
Secondary structure
The final three-dimensional shape of the protein
Tertiary structure
The spatial arrangement of polypeptides in a multi-component protein
Quaternary structure
Changes in a protein’s
environment can cause a
protein to ________
denature
What happens when a protein denatures?
It loses its three-dimensional
structure
And becomes inactive
structural vs globular protein
s: long cables, provide shape/strength (e.g. keratin, fibrin, silk)
g: grooves and depressions (enzymes)
structural vs globular protein
s: long cables, provide shape/strength (e.g. keratin, fibrin, silk)
g: grooves and depressions (enzymes)
are proteins that serve as catalysts; speeds up chemical reactions within cells
enzymes
Enzymes ____________ to make a particular reaction more likely
bind a specific molecule and stress bonds
Site on enzyme surface where reactant fits
Active site
Site on reactant where enzyme binds
binding site
true or false
Enzyme activity is affected by any change in condition that alters the
enzyme’s 3-D shape
true
true or false
The structural bonds of enzymes are sensitive to changes in temperature and
pH, but a temperature or pH beyond the optimal range will not cause the enzyme to
denature
false
a stomach enzyme that serves to digest proteins found in ingested food
pepsin
Digests proteins in the intestine
trypsin
Large nonpolar molecules that are insoluble in water; a major component
of biological membranes and are used as a compact energy source for
seed germination.
lipids
three major types of lipids
fats
phospholipids
steroids
are synthesized in plastid and assembled by glycerolipids or triacylglycerols in endoplasmic reticulum; the major lipids in plants
fatty acids
Fatty acids can be ________ or _______
saturated, unsaturated
fatty acids with single bonds between all carbon pairs; most animal fats
hard fat (saturated)
fatty acids that contain double bonds between one or more pairs of carbon atoms; most plant fats
oil fats (unsaturated)
fatty acids that contain double bonds between one or more pairs of carbon atoms; most plant fats
oil fats (unsaturated)
A modified fat ; One of the three fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate and a small polar functional group
phospholipids
In water, phospholipids aggregate to form a ______
lipid bilayer
are key hormones throughout the plant kingdom. They regulate many aspects of growth and development, and mutants deficient in brassinosteroids are often extremely stunted and infertile; also called brassinosteroids
steroids
functions to promote cell expansion and cell division, and plays a role in etiolation and reproduction
BR signaling
are the maininformation-carrying molecules of the cell, and, by directing the
process of protein synthesis, they determine the inherited characteristics of every living thing.
nucleic acids
two nucleotide strands held together by hydrogen bonds
DNA
Amino acids
are linked
together by
Peptide bonds
Long chains of amino acids
Polypeptide
True or False
Since “essential amino acids” cannot be synthesized, they have to be consumed in form of food
True
