Macromolecules

Question 1

consists of a carbon-based core with special groups attached

Answer 1

organic molecule

Question 2

a collection of atoms within molecules which bind together to react in predictable ways

Answer 2

functional
groups

Question 3

The specific amino acid sequence of a protein

Answer 3

primary structure

Question 4

The initial folding of the amino acid chain by hydrogen bonding

Answer 4

Secondary structure

Question 5

The final three-dimensional shape of the protein

Answer 5

Tertiary structure

Question 6

The spatial arrangement of polypeptides in a multi-component protein

Answer 6

Quaternary structure

Question 7

Changes in a protein’s
environment can cause a
protein to ________

Answer 7

denature

Question 8

What happens when a protein denatures?

Answer 8

 It loses its three-dimensional
structure
 And becomes inactive

Question 9

structural vs globular protein

Answer 9

s: long cables, provide shape/strength (e.g. keratin, fibrin, silk)
g: grooves and depressions (enzymes)

Question 9

structural vs globular protein

Answer 9

s: long cables, provide shape/strength (e.g. keratin, fibrin, silk)
g: grooves and depressions (enzymes)

Question 10

are proteins that serve as catalysts; speeds up chemical reactions within cells

Answer 10

enzymes

Question 11

Enzymes ____________ to make a particular reaction more likely

Answer 11

bind a specific molecule and stress bonds

Question 12

Site on enzyme surface where reactant fits

Answer 12

Active site

Question 13

Site on reactant where enzyme binds

Answer 13

binding site

Question 14

true or false

Enzyme activity is affected by any change in condition that alters the
enzyme’s 3-D shape

Answer 14

true

Question 15

true or false

The structural bonds of enzymes are sensitive to changes in temperature and
pH, but a temperature or pH beyond the optimal range will not cause the enzyme to
denature

Answer 15

false

Question 16

a stomach enzyme that serves to digest proteins found in ingested food

Answer 16

pepsin

Question 17

Digests proteins in the intestine

Answer 17

trypsin

Question 18

Large nonpolar molecules that are insoluble in water; a major component
of biological membranes and are used as a compact energy source for
seed germination.

Answer 18

lipids

Question 19

three major types of lipids

Answer 19

fats
phospholipids
steroids

Question 20

are synthesized in plastid and assembled by glycerolipids or triacylglycerols in endoplasmic reticulum; the major lipids in plants

Answer 20

fatty acids

Question 21

Fatty acids can be ________ or _______

Answer 21

saturated, unsaturated

Question 22

fatty acids with single bonds between all carbon pairs; most animal fats

Answer 22

hard fat (saturated)

Question 23

fatty acids that contain double bonds between one or more pairs of carbon atoms; most plant fats

Answer 23

oil fats (unsaturated)

Question 23

fatty acids that contain double bonds between one or more pairs of carbon atoms; most plant fats

Answer 23

oil fats (unsaturated)

Question 24

A modified fat ; One of the three fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate and a small polar functional group

Answer 24

phospholipids

Question 25

In water, phospholipids aggregate to form a ______

Answer 25

lipid bilayer

Question 26

are key hormones throughout the plant kingdom. They regulate many aspects of growth and development, and mutants deficient in brassinosteroids are often extremely stunted and infertile; also called brassinosteroids

Answer 26

steroids

Question 27

functions to promote cell expansion and cell division, and plays a role in etiolation and reproduction

Answer 27

BR signaling

Question 28

are the maininformation-carrying molecules of the cell, and, by directing the
process of protein synthesis, they determine the inherited characteristics of every living thing.

Answer 28

nucleic acids

Question 29

two nucleotide strands held together by hydrogen bonds

Answer 29

DNA

Question 30

Amino acids
are linked
together by

Answer 30

Peptide bonds

Question 31

Long chains of amino acids

Answer 31

Polypeptide

Question 32

True or False

Since “essential amino acids” cannot be synthesized, they have to be consumed in form of food

Answer 32

True